Bers, Victor. 2009. Genos Dikanikon: Amateur and Professional Speech in the Courtrooms of Classical Athens. Hellenic Studies Series 33. Washington, DC: Center for Hellenic Studies. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebook:CHS_Bers.Genos_Dikanikon.2009.
Appendix. Instances of Trickery in Herodotus’ Histories
| Trick | Trickster Vocabulary | Manipulation of signs? | Successful? | Sign Type | Stage of Signification Process |
| 1.21.1–22.3 Thrasyboulos tricks Alyattes into thinking Miletos has plenty of food | μηχανᾶται 1.21.1 | no | yes | ||
| 1.59.3–6 Peisistratos mutilates himself as if attacked | μηχανᾶται τοιάδε 1.59.3ὁ δὲ δῆμος . . . ἐξαπατηθείς 1.59.5 | yes | yes | object (body as signifier) | transmission |
| 1.60.3–5 Phye and Peisistratos | μηχανῶνται 1.60.3 | yes | yes | object (body and clothing as signifiers) | transmission |
| 1.80.2 Kyros’ trick of using camels against Lydian cavalry | no | yes | |||
| 1.96.2–98.2 Deiokes’ ruse to get power | ἀνὴρ σοφός 1.96.2 | no | yes | ||
| 1.123.4 Harpagos and message in the hare | ἐπιτεχνᾶται τοιόνδε 1.123.3 | yes | yes | object (gift) | transmission |
| 1.125.1–6 Kyros’ rise to power: forges letter from Astyages | ἐφρόντιζε ὅτεῳ τρόπῳ σοφωτάτῳ Πέρσας ἀναπείσει ἀπίστασθαι 1.125.1 | yes | yes | object (seal, writing) | transmission |
| 1.187.1–5 Babylonian Nitokris and the trick grave | ἀπάτην τοιήνδε τινὰ ἐμηχανήσατο 1.187.1 | no | yes | ||
| 1.191.1–6 Kyros takes Babylon by trick of diverting river | no | yes | |||
| 1.207.6–7 Kroisos’ advice to Kyros to trick Massagetai with wine | τοιούτῳ φαρμάκῳ δολώσας 1.212.2 (Tomyris) | no | yes | ||
| 2.100.2–4 Egyptian Nitokris and flooding chamber | δόλῳ διαφθεῖραι 2.100.2 | no | yes | ||
| 2.121.α.1 Architect of Rhampsinitos’ treasury | τὸν δὲ ἐργαζόμενον ἐπιβουλεύοντα τάδε μηχανᾶσθαι 2.121.α.1 | no | yes | ||
| 2.121.δ.1–6 Master thief tricks guards to retrieve his brother’s body | ἐπιτεχνήσασθαι τοιάδε 2.121.δ.1 | no | yes | ||
| 2.121.ε.1–3 Rhampsinitos devises way to trick master thief | no | yes | |||
| 2.121.ε.3–5 Master thief outwits Rhampsinitos again | πολυτροπίῃ 2.121.ε.3, πολυφροσύνῃ, τόλμῃ 2.121.ζ.1 | no | yes | ||
| 2.133.1–5 Mykerinos and the oracle: Mykerinos makes 6 years into 12 by making nights into days with light | ταῦτα δὲ ἐμηχανᾶτο 2.133.5 | yes | ? | oracle | reception |
| 2.162.1 Soldier places helmet on Amasis’ head, declares him king | yes | yes | object, gesture | transmission | |
| 2.172.1–5 Amasis and golden podaniptêr | μετὰ δὲ σοφίῃ αὐτοὺς ὁ Ἄμασις, οὐκ ἀγνωμοσύνῃ, προσηγάγετο 2.172.2 | yes | yes | object | transmission |
| Trick | Trickster Vocabulary | Manipulation of signs? | Successful? | Sign Type | Stage of Signification Process |
| 3.1.3–5 Amasis tricks Kambyses by passing off Apries’ daughter as his own | διαβεβλημένος 3.1.4 | no | yes | ||
| 3.4.1–2 Phanes outsmarts Amasis’ guards by getting them drunk | σοφίῃ γάρ μιν περιῆλθε ὁ Φάνης 3.4.2 | no | yes | ||
| 3.16.6 Amasis’ final trick: has someone else’s corpse placed in his tomb to foil Kambyses | no | yes | |||
| 3.61 Pseudo-Smerdis | yes | yes (but see next entry) | object (body), name | transmission | |
| 3.69.3 Otanes uses absence of ears to identify pseudo-Smerdis | no | yes | |||
| 3.85.1–3.86.2 Dareios and groom artificially produce agreed-upon sign: horse neighs | σοφίην, μηχανῶ 3.85.1φάρμακα, σόφισμα, μηχανᾶσθαι 3.85.2 | yes | yes | portent | transmission |
| 3.123.2 Oroites tricks Maiandrios, messenger of Polykrates, into thinking he has great wealth | no | yes | |||
| 3.128.2–5 Bagaios, bodyguards, and killing of Oroites | τάδε ἐμηχανήσατο, σοφίῃ καὶ μὴ βίῃ 3.127.2 | yes | yes | object, writing | transmission |
| 3.130.1–2 Dareios and Demokedes | no | yes | |||
| 3.153.1–158.2 Zopyros mutilates himself | δόλον . . . ἐξέφαινε 3.158.2 | yes | yes | object (body) | transmission |
| 4.134.3 Dareios’ scheme (following Gobryas) to leave Scythia secretly | no | yes | |||
| 4.139.2 Histiaios tricks Scythians into thinking Ionians are destroying bridge over Istros. | no | yes | |||
| 4.146.4 Wives of Minyai exchanging clothes with husbands to get them out of jail | δόλον 4.146.3 | yes | yes | object (clothing) | transmission |
| 4.154.3 Etearkhos uses open-ended oath on Themision | ἀπατῇ 4.154.4 | yes | yes | oath | transmission |
| 4.154.4 Themision’s counter-manipulation | yes | yes | oath | reception | |
| 4.201.1–3 Manipulation of oath by Amasis the Persian | δόλῳ 4.201.1 | yes | yes | oath | transmission |
| 5.12.1–13.3 Two Paionian brothers aim for tyranny, device of sister | no | no | |||
| 5.20.1–5 Alexander dresses men as women, who kill Persians at banquet | yes | yes | clothing | transmission | |
| Trick | Trickster Vocabulary | Manipulation of signs? | Successful? | Sign Type | Stage of Signification Process |
| 5.24.1–25.1 Dareios tricks Histiaios into leaving Miletos and coming to Sardis and Susa | No | yes | |||
| 5.35.3 Histiaios and the tattooed head of the messenger | Yes | yes | object (body) | transmission | |
| 5.49.1–50.3 Aristagoras tries to deceive Kleomenes with map | σοφός, διαβάλλων 5.50.2 | Yes | no | object | transmission |
| 5.63.1 Corruption of Pythia, Alkmaionidai and Kleisthenes (cf. 5.66.1) | μηχανή 6.123.1 | Yes | yes | oracle | transmission |
| 5.106.3–107 Histiaios tricks Dareios | διέβαλλε 5.107 | No | yes | ||
| 6.62.1–2 Ariston’s manipulation of oath | μηχανᾶται δὴ τοιάδε 6.62.1 τῆς ἀπάτης τῇ παραγωγῇ 6.62.2 | yes | yes | oath | transmission |
| 6.65.3 Leotykhides swears falsely in public oath | No | yes | |||
| 6.66.1–3 Kleomenes and Kobon corrupt Pythia | Yes | yes | oracle | transmission | |
| 6.77.3 Argives detect and make use of Spartan signals | Yes | yes | military signal | reception | |
| 6.78.1–2 Kleomenes’ counter-manipulation and change of code | Yes | yes | military signal | transmission | |
| 6.79.1–2 Kleomenes tricks Argives into coming out of hiding | No | yes | |||
| 6.125.3–5 Alkmeon and gold dust | No | yes | |||
| 6.115, 6.121–124 Flashing shield shown at Marathon to Persian fleet as sign to sail to Athens | No | no | military signal | ||
| 7.6.3 Onomakritos inserts false oracles into collection of Musaios | Yes | no | oracle | transmission | |
| 7.6.4 Onomakritos at Susa recites oracles selectively | Yes | yes | oracle | transmission | |
| 7.15.3 Artabanos wears Xerxes’ clothing in order that the same dream appear to him | Yes | yes | object (clothing) | transmission | |
| 7.239.3 Demaratos and the wax tablet | μηχανᾶται τοιάδε 7.239.3 | Yes | yes | object | transmission |
| 8.5.1–3 Themistokles tricks Eurybiades and Adeimantos into staying, keeps remainer of money for himself | No | yes | |||
| 8.22.1–3 Themistokles uses inscription to invite Ionians to desert | Yes | yes | writing | transmission | |
| Trick | Trickster Vocabulary | Manipulation of signs? | Successful? | Sign Type | Stage of Signification Process |
| 8.24.1–25.2 Xerxes’ ruse to conceal true number of dead | No | no | |||
| 8.27.3 Tellias uses chalk on Phocians for mutual identification | σοφίζεται . . . τοιόνδε 8.27.3 | Yes | yes | object (body) | transmission |
| 8.28 Phocians devise trap for Thessalian cavalry | No | yes | |||
| 8.75.1–3 Themistokles’ secret message to Xerxes | No | yes | |||
| 8.87.2–4 Artemisia sinks an allied ship to fool Greek pursuer and Xerxes | No | yes | |||
| 8.109.1–5 Themistokles talks Athenians out of immediate pursuit of Persians to Hellespont | διέβαλλε 8.110.1 | no | yes | ||
| 8.137.5 Perdikkas and the circle of sun | yes | yes | gesture | reception | |
| 9.33.4–5 Teisamenos gets Spartans to make him and brother citizens | no | yes | |||
| 9.34.1–2 Melampous gets the Argives to give him and brother part of kingdom | no | yes | |||
| 9.94.1–3 People of Apollonia cheat Euenios out of full compensation | no | yes | |||
| 9.98.2–4 Leotykhidas imitates Themistokles (8.22.1–3) re Ionians | no | yes | |||
| 9.110.2–112 Amestris’ manipulation of traditional Persian birthday promise | yes | yes | oath | transmission | |
| 9.116.2–3 Artayktes uses ambiguous words: pays lip service to truth | διεβάλετο 9.116.2 | yes | yes | ainetic speech | transmission |
| 9.120.2–4 Artayktes interprets portent: attempts to secure own release | yes | no | portent | reception |