The Center for Hellenic Studies

Aspects of History and Epic in Ancient Iran: From Gaumāta to Wahnām

  Shayegan, M. Rahim. 2012. Aspects of History and Epic in Ancient Iran: From Gaumāta to Wahnām. Hellenic Studies Series 52. Washington, DC: Center for Hellenic Studies. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebook:CHS_ShayeganM.Aspects_of_History_and_Epic_in_Ancient_Iran.2012.

Appendix I. Formulaic Analysis of Kerdīr’s Inscriptions

In the present appendix, formulae (or repetitions) that have occurred at least twice, word for word, are underlined; in contrast, formulae that are variations from other encountered word-clusters, and thus represent “varying formulae,” are presented in bold. The present texts merely serve the purposes of formulaic analysis and are not intended to be a critical reproduction of Kerdīr’s inscriptions.

1. Synopsis of Kerdīr’s Career











Under Šābuhr Under Õhrmazd I Under Warahrān I Under Warahrān II
[a. The Ruler] [a. The Ruler]

Ud pas kū Šābuhr šāhān šāh ō bayān gāh šawēd,

ud Ōhrmazd šāhān šāh, ī-š pus, pad šahr ēstēd,

 [a. The Ruler]

Ud pas kū Ōhrmazd šāhān šāh ō bayān gāh šawēd,

ud Warahrān šāhān šāh, ī Šābuhr šāhān šāh pus, ud Ōhrmazd šāhān šāh brad, pad šahr ēstēd,

 [a. The Ruler]

Ud pas kū Warahrān šāhān šāh ī Šābuhragān ō bayān gāh šawēd,

ud Warahrān šāhān šāh ī Warahrānagān, ī andar šahr rād ud rāst ud mihrbān ud hugar ud kerbakkar, pad šahr ēstēd,
[b. Kerdīr’s Rank under Šābuhr]

Ān-im kunēd Šābuhr šāhān šāh,

 [b. Kerdīr’s Rank under Ōhrmazd I]

u-m Ōhrmazd šāhān šāh kulāf ud kamar dahēd, u-m gāh ud padixšar abardar kunēd,

 [b. Kerdīr’s Rank under Warahrān I]

u-m Warahrān-iz šāhān šāh pad agrāyīh ud padixšar dārēd,

[b. Kerdīr’s Rank under Warahrān II]

ud pad dušārāmīh ī Ōhrmazd ud yazdān ud xwēš ruwān rāy, ān-im andar šahr abardar gāh ud padixšar kunēd, u-m gāh ud padixšar ī wuzurgān dahēd,
[c. Kerdīr’s Religious Authority]

pad kerdagān ī yazdān, pad dar ud šahr ō šahr, gyāg ō gyāg, hāmšahr, pad mowestān, kāmgār ud pādixšāy

 [c. Kerdīr’s Religious Authority]

u-m pad dar ud šahr ō šahr, gyāg ō gyāg, hāmšahr, pad kerdagān ī yazdān, kāmgārdar ud pādixšādar kunēd,

u-m kunēd nām: Kerdīr ī Ōhrmazd mowbed Ōhrmazd xwadāy pad nām.

 [c. Kerdīr’s Religious Authority]

u-m pad dar ud šahr ō šahr, gyāg ō gyāg, pad kerdagān ī yazdān, ham-gōnag kāmgārdar ud pādixšāy kunēd.

 [c. Kerdīr’s Religious Authority]

u-m pad dar ud šahr ō šahr, gyāg ō gyāg, hāmšahr, pad kerdagān ī yazdān, pādixšādar ud kāmgārdar kunēd, kū čiyōn ahy būd hēm,

u-m hāmšahr mowbed ud dādwar kunēd,

u-m Satxr ādur ī Anāhīd-Ardašīr, Anāhīd ī bānug, ēwēnbed ud pādixšāy kunēd,

u-m kunēd nām: Kerdīr ī bōxt-ruwān Warahrān ī Ōhrmazd mowbed.
      [d. Summary of Kerdīr’s Religious Policy (1)]

Ud šahr ō šahr, gyāg ō gyāg, hāmšahr,

kerdagān ī Ōhrmazd ud yazdān abardar bawēd,

ud dēn mazdēsn ud mowmard andar šahr wuzurg padixšar bawēd,

ud yazdān ud āb ud ādur ud gōspand andar šahr wuzurg šnōdīh abar rasēd,

ud Ahreman ud dēwān wuzurg snāh ud bištīh abar rasēd,

ud kēš ī Ahreman ud dēwān az šahr *franamēd, ud awāwar akirīy,

ud ǰahūd ud Šaman ud Braman ud Nāsrā ud Kristyān ud Magdag ud Zandīg andar šahr zad bawēnd,
[e. Summary of Kerdīr’s Religious Policy (1)]

Ud pad framān ī Šābuhr šāhān šāh ud pušt ī yazdān ud šāhān šāh,

šahr ō šahr, gyāg ō gyāg,

was kerdagān <ī> yazdān abzāyīh,

ud was ādur ī Warahrān *nišāy-,

ud was mowmard urwāhm ud padēx bawēd,

ud was ādurān ud mowān pādixšīr *āwāš-.

 [e. Summary of Kerdīr’s Religious Policy (1)]

Ud ēg-iz pad ān zamān,

šahr ō šahr, gyāg ō gyāg,

was kerdagān ī yazdān abzāyīh,

ud was ādur ī Warahrān *nišāy-

ud was mowmard urwāhm ud padēx bawēd,

ud was ādurān ud mowān pādixšīr *āwāš-.

 [e. Summary of Kerdīr’s Religious Policy (1)]

Ud ēg-iz pad ān zamān,

šahr ō šahr, gyāg ō gyāg,

was kerdagān ī yazdān abzāyīh,

ud was ādur ī Warahrān *nišāy-

ud was mowmard urwāhm ud padēx bawēd,

ud was ādurān ud mowān pādixšīr *āwāš-.

 [e. Summary of Kerdīr’s Religious Policy (2)]

ud

šahr ō šahr ud gyāg ō gyāg,

was kerdagān ī yazdān abzāyīh,

ud was ādur ī Warahrān *nišāy-,

ud was mowmard urwāhm ud padēx bawēd,

ud was ādurān ud mowān pādixšīr *āwāš-.

ud uzdēs gugānīh, ud gilist ī dēwān wišōbīh,

ud yazdān gāh ud nišēm akirīy,
[e. Summary of Kerdīr’s Religious Policy (2)]

ud Ōhrmazd ud yazdān was sūd rasēd,

ud Ahreman ud dēwān wuzurg mihkār bawēd,

ud ēn and ādūr ud kerdagān, čē pad nibišt, ān-im ōh-gōnag(dar) Šābuhr šāhān šāh pad wāspuhragān pāymār kunēd, kū-t bun xānag ēn ēw bawēd, ud čiyōn dānāy, kū kerd yazdān ud amā weh ōwōn kun.

      
[f. Kerdīr’s Position within the Clergy]

Ud *git, pādixšīr ud mādayān, čē ōy zamān, abar Šābuhr šāhān šāh, pad dar ud hāmšahr, gyāg ō gyāg, kerd, ōy ēd-ōwōn abar nibišt ēstēd kū:

Kerdīr ī ēhrbed.

 [f. Kerdīr’s Position within the Clergy]
Ud *git, pādixšīr ud mādayān, čē ōy zamān, abar Ōhrmazd šāhān šāh, pad dar ud hāmšahr, gyāg ō gyāg, kerd, ōy ēd-ōwōn abar nibišt ēstēd kū:

Kerdīr ī Ōhrmazd mowbed.

 [f. Kerdīr’s Position within the Clergy]
Ud *git, pādixšīr ud mādayān, čē ōy zamān, abar Warahrān šāhān šāh, pad dar ud hāmšahr, gyāg ō gyāg, kerd, ōy ēd-ōwōn abar nibišt ēstēd kū:

Kerdīr ī Ōhrmazd mowbed.

 [f. Kerdīr’s Position within the Clergy]
Ud *git ud pādixšīr ud mādayān, čē bar Warahrān šāhān šāh ī Warahrānagān, kerd, ōy abar ōh nibišt ēstēd kū:

Kerdīr ī bōxt-ruwān-Warahrān ī Ōhrmazd mowbed.

2. Kerdīr’s Religious Policy

[a. Introduction]

Ud man Kerdīr ahy ōrōn pad yazdān ud xwadāyān ud xwēš ruwān rāy was ranǰ ud awām dīd,

[b. Revival and Organization of Fires and Magi in the Territories of Ērān]

U-m was ādurān ud mōwān andar šahr ī Ērān,
ud Pārs,
ud Pahlaw,
ud Asōrestān,
ud Xūzestān,
ud Mēšān,
ud Nōdšīragān,
ud Adūrbādagān,
ud Spāhān,
ud Ray,
ud Kermān,
ud Sagestān,
ud Gurgān … tā frāz ō Paškabūr,
padēx kerd

[c. Revival and Organization of Fires and Magi in the Territories Anērān]

U-m pad-iz Anērānšahr ādur ud mowmard čē pad šahr ī Anērān būd, kū asb ud mard ī šāhān šāh rasīd:
Andyōk šahrestan ud Sūryā šahr ud čē abar Sūryā nahang,
Tersōs šahrestān ud Kilikyā šahr ud čē abar Kilikyā nahang,
Kēsaryā šahrestān ud Kapōdakyā šahr ud čē abar Kapōdakyā nahang, tā frāz ō *Grāykyā šahr ud Armin šahr,
ud Wiruzān ud Alān ud Balāsagān tā frāz ō Alānān dar,
Šābuhr šāhān šāh pad asb ud mard ī xwēš … zad, u-š wardag ud ādursuxt ud awērān kerd , ānōh-iz-im, pad framān ī šāhān šāh,
ān mowmard ud ādur čē ōy šahr būd, ān-im winārišn kerd,
u-m nē hišt zyān ud wardag kerdan, ud čē ōh kas wardag kerd būd, ān-iz-im bē stad, u-m abāz ō xwēš šahr hišt hēnd.

[c. Invigoration of the Mazdayasnian Faith]

[ca. Honoring the Faith: Its Three Pillars: The Religion, the mowmard, and the Good Man]

U-m dēn mazdēsn ud mowmard ud was mard ī xūb andar šahr *agrā/aγrē ud padixšarāwand kerd.

[cb. Redemption of the Heretic (who does not live in harmony with the three pillars)]

Ud ahlomōγ ud gumarzāg mard, kē andar mowestān pad dēn mazdēsn ud kerdagān ī yazdān nē pad wizār pahrist, awēšān-im puhl zad, u-m nixrōst hēnd tā-m weh kerd hēnd.

[d. Kerdīr’s Religious Policy in the Service of the Throne]

U- m was ādurān ud mowān *git pādixšīr kerd,
ud pad pušt ī yazdān ud šāhān šāh, ud az man kerd, andar šahr ī Ērān,
was ādur ī Warahrān,
ud was xwēdōdah kerd,
ud was mardōm ī an-āstawān būd, ān āstawān būd,
ud was ān būd kē kēš ī dēwān dāšt, u-š, az man kerd, ān kēš ī dēwān hišt, u-š kēš ī yazdān grift,
ud was rad-passāg grift,
ud was dēn ōšmurd gōnag gōnag,
ud anī-z kerdagān ī yazdān was abzūd ud abardar būd, ī abar ēn nāmag nē nibišt, čē agar nibišt hē, ēg was būd hē.

[e. Kerdīr’s Religious Policy Using His Own Resources]

U-m pad xwēš-iz xānag gyāg ō gyāg
was ādur ī Warahrān nišāst,
u-m yašt pad […] xwēš xānag [ … ] gāh ō gāh rād-passag [ … ] ud būd pad ēw sāl rad-passāg [ … ]
u-m pad šahr ud tā čē pad xwēš-iz xānag anī-z kerdagān ī yazdān gōnag gōnag was kerd, ī-m agar abar ēn nāmag nibišt hē, ēg was būd hē .

3. The Vision

[a. Background and Introduction to the Vision]

Bē ān-ōwōn čiyōn an, az ahy ōrōn, yazdān ud xwadāyān huparistā ud hugāmag būd hēm,
ān-ōwōn-iz-im az yazdān ud xwadāyān wuzurg agrāyīh ud padixšar rasīd,
nūn, pad zīndagān, andar šahr pad agrāyīh pādgāh būd hēm.
U-m ēd-iz ō yazdān rōn paywahīd kū:
agar ēw-bār ašmā yazdān an Kerdīr pad zīndagān pad agrāyīh pādgāh kerd hēm,
nūn-iz/ōh-iz, agar ašmā yazdān dastan *hād,
ēg-im ō widardān-iz rōn,
im yašt ud kerdagān rāy čiyōn andar šahr kīrēd,
u-m ruwān parrōn čē-gōnag *hād,
ud ardāyīh ud druwandīh,
ān-im ō widardān-iz rōn ān-ōwōn nimāyēd.
Kū ān-ōwōn čiyōn man, az ahy ōrōn, paywahīd,
u-m yazdān ranǰ ud awām widārd,
ōwōn-iz parrōn ō widardān rōn tis andar wehdar ud wistāxdar bawēn kū anī-z […],
ud kē ēn nāmag wēnād ud paypursād,
ān abar […] wistāxdar bawād

[b. Preparations for the Vision]

U-m ka ō yazdān rōn paywahīd,
ēg-im ēd nišān nihād kū:
agar ašmā yazdān dastan hād,
ēg-im wahišt ud dušox *čārag/*čihrag nimāyēd,
ud ān-ōwōn čiyōn pad * nask nimād, kū mardōm ka widard […],
ud kē ardā, ān xwēš dēn pad * zan * dēsag padīrag *āyād,
ud kē ardā, ōy ān xwēš dēn wahišt *nayād,
ud kē druwand, ōy-iz ān xwēš dēn ō dušox *nayād,
ōwōn-iz-im pad zīndagān paydāg ēw bawēd, kū ōy zamān ka widerēm,
u-m ān xwēš dēn ān-ōwōn padīrag *āyād,
ud agar ardā *hān, ēg-im xwēš dēn ān-ōwōn paydāg ēw bawēd, čiyōn kē ō wahišt rōn šawēd,
ud agar druwand *hān, ēg-im ān-ōwōn paydāg ēw bawēd, čiyōn kē ō dušox rōn nayēd.
U-m ka ēn yašt ud kerdagān ud dēn mazdēsn čē nūn pad yazdān kīrēd,
[… parrōn] ō widardān rōn pursīd,
ēg-im abzār kerdagān kerd,
ud pad Pārs,
ud Sagestān,
ud any šahr šahr,
was mowmard urwāhm ud padēx bawēd.
Ka-m yazdān ēn-ōwōn paywahīd, čiyōn ēd-iz nāmag abar nibišt ēstēd,
u-m pad kerbagīh/framān ī Šābuhr šāhān šāh,
ēwēn mahr kerd kerdagān ī yazdān ud xwēš ruwān rāy,
kū ardā *hān, ud agar druwand *hān,
ēg-iz ēn kēš ī ašmā yazdān gīrān.
Pad ēd-iz ēstād hēm kū:
agar ardā *hān,
u-m ašmā yazd nūn ō widardān rōn ardāyīh nimāyēd,
ēg-iz ēn kēš ī ašmā yazdān *dārān,
ud agar druwand *hān,
u-m ašmā yazd nūn ō widardān rōn druwandīh nimāyēd,
ēg ēn kēš […] ī-m čē ašmā yazdān grift, saxt dārān *wisp *zamān.

[c. The Vision]

[ca. Journey Past the Judges to the Pit of Hell]

ōy *rēhīg kē-m andar ēwēn mahr dīd hēnd, awēšān ōh guft kū:
aswār-ēw šahryār wēnēm, *spēdagān ,
ud abar asp-ēw agrā nišīnēd,
u-š drafš-ēw [dast? …] dārēd,
ud anōh mard-ēw paydāg,
ud abar gāh-ēw zarrēn bazm,
ud ān-ōwōn čiyōn Kerdīr hangerb paydāg,
u-š hamrāhīg-ēw […] ēstēd,
ud nūn zan-ēw paydāg čē xwarāsān ōrōn āyēd,
+u-mān zan az ān agrādar nē dīd,
ud rāh kū āyēd ān rāh abēr rōšn.
Ud nūn frāz āyēd,
ud ōy mard kē ān-ōwōn čiyōn Kerdīr hangerb , ōy sar ō sar nihēd,
ud […],
ud ān zan ud ān mard kē ān-ōwōn čiyōn Kerdīr hangerb awēšān āgen ē n harw dōnān dast grift,
ud pad ān rāh ī rōšn kū ān zan bawēd ō […] xwarāsān rōn rawēd,
ud ān rāh abēr rōšn.
Ud pad ān rāh kū ān mard ī Kerdīr hangerb ud ān zan šawēnd,
ānōh nūn šahryār-ēw paydāg, spēdagān,
ud abar gāh-ēw zarrēn bazm,
u-š tarāzūg ēw pēš ēstēd ān-ōwōn [čiyōn kē …] gīrēd,
ud nūn ān zan ud ān mard kē ān-ōwōn čiyōn Kerdīr hangerb pēš ōy šahryār ēstēd.
Ud […] u-šān ōh guft kū:
ān mard ī Kerdīr hangerb ud ān zan tar ōy ī šahryār frāz uzīd hēnd […]
ud hamēw rawēnd ō xwarāsān rōn
Ud pad ān rāh ī abēr rōšn frāz šawēnd,
nūn any šahryār paydāg , [ spēdagān …]
ud abar gāh-ēw zarrēn bazm,
u-š *čīyēn/*čayēn dast
ud az awēšān agrādar kē-mān ahy dīd hēnd.
U-šān kē ōy […] u-šān ōh guft kū:
*čīyēn/*čayēn *arγand paydāg,
ān-ōwōn čiyōn čāh-ēw […] kē-/ī-š bun nēst,
ud mār ud gazdumb […] ud karbūg ud any xrafstar purr ēstēd
ōy *rēhīg kē ēwēn mahr nišāst hēnd,
awēšān ka ān dušox dēs ud mān ī was dīd,
ēg abēr *wišēg būd hēnd,
u-šān […] ānōh was […]
bē pad ān puhl ī pad ān čāh […] ēnyā-tān nē *gad,
bē ašmā čē dīd ān gōwēd.

[cb. Crossing of the Bridge]

U-šān ōh guft kū:
ōy čāh dār-ēw abar *šawēd ān-ōwōn čiyōn puhl,
ud ān zan ud mard ī Kerdīr hangerb frāz [ō puhl raft hēnd],
ud ānōh puhl ēstēd ud ān puhl […] pahndar bawēd,
ud nūn pad pahnā meh paydāg kū čiyōn pad darnāy,
ud ān zan ud mard ī Kerdīr hangerb […] ēstēd […].
U-šān ōh guft kū:
any šahryārān-ēw paydāg, spēdagān, agrā,
ud az awēšān agrādar kē-mān ahy dīd hēnd,
ud az ān ālag frāz ō puhl āyēd,
ud nūn ō puhl rasēd,
ud nūn widerēd puhl ō ān ālag,
ud ān zan ud mard ī Kerdīr hangerb dast gīrēd,
ud ān šahryār […] pad ān puhl frāz rawēd,
ud ān šahryār pēš ān mard ī Kerdīr hangerb ud zan pas šawēd
ud nūn uzīd hēnd puhl ō ān ālag ud hamēw ō xwarāsān rōn rawēnd.

[cc. Journey through the Realm of the Blessed]

[…] agrā ud *hučihr/*huzēr,
ud nūn āywan-ēw paydāg,
[…] pad āsmām paydāg,
ud ān šahryār pēš ōy mard ī Kerdīr hangerb,
ud zan pas ōy mard ī Kerdīr hangerb šawēd […]
[…] agrā ud *hučihr/*huzēr,
[…] dast, ōy āywan andar *adīd hēnd,
u-šān ōh guft hēnd kū-:
-mān tis az ēn agrādar ud rōšndar nē dīd
[…] andar bazm
ud ān šahryār šawēd frāz,
ud ōy āywan gāh-ēw zarrēn bazm pēš.
Abāz […] Kerdīr hangerb […]
ud nūn ān mard ī Kerdīr hangerb ud zan pad *nox ō bālān ul rawēnd,
ud dūr ul […] gāh-ēw zarrēn bazm […]
ud ān mard ī Kerdīr hangerb abar […] zan *adīhēd andar rōzan ī Warahrān nišast.
Ud nūn ōy mard ī Kerdīr hangerb nān ud *gōšt grift,
[…] was frāz āyēd,
ud mard ī Kerdīr hangerb hamēw baxšēd, u-šān dahēd,
Ud ōy […] ud ān šahryār […]
[…] ud ōy mard ī Kerdīr hangerb rōn hamēw pad angust nimāyēd ud xandēd,
ud ān […] barēd.

4. Conclusion

Ud agar an Kerdīr pad āgrāyīh pādgāh kerd hēm,
ōwōn-im parrōn-iz ō widardān rōn
wahi(š)t ud dušox,
ud ardāyīh ud druwandīh čihrag,
ēn-ōwōn nimāyēd,
[…] ōwōn-čiyōn […] abar rasēd,
yazdān ud xwadāyān huparistā ud hugāmag būd hēm.
Bē-m pas agar ēw bār, yazdān, ēn-iz xīr ī ō widardān rōn, ēn-ōwōn nimūd,
ēg [ yazdān was huparistādar ud hugāmagdar būd hēm],
ud pad xwēš-iz ruwān rāddar ud rāsttar būd hēm,
ud abar ēn-iz yašt, ud kerdagān ī andar šahr kīrēd, was wistāxdar būd hēm
Ud kē ēn nāmag wēnād ud paypursād,
pad yazdān ud xwadāyān ud xwēš ruwān [rād ud rāst ēw bawēd],
ud abar ēn yašt ud kerdagān ud dēn mazdēsn čē nūn pad zindagān kīrēd, wistāxdar ēw bawēd,
ud parrōn tis *nē-parmān mā ēw bawēd,
ud wizard ēw dānēd kū wahišt ast ud dušox ast,
ud kē kerbakkar [ān frāz ō wahišt šawād],
ud kē bazakkar ān ō dušox abganād,
ud kē kerbakkar hād, [ud abar kerbag nēw rawād, ōy im astwand tan husrawīh ud ābādīh rasād,
u-š ōy astwand ruwān ardāyīh abar rasād, čiyōn man Kerdīr rasīd]
U-m ēn nāmag ēd-iz rāy nibišt kū ,
čē man Kerdīr, az ahy ōrōn , az šahryārān ud xwadāyān,
was ādurān ud mowān *git, pādixšīr, āwišt ,
u-m was xwēš nām *gyāgīhā abar *git, pādixšīr, ud mādayān nibišt ēstēd,
kū kē frāzdar/frāstar zamān ,
pādixšīr, mādayān, ayāb *gitag, ayāb any nāmag, wēnād, ān dānād, kū:
An ān Kerdīr hēm,
ī abar Šābuhr [šāhān šāh, Kerdīr ī mowbed ud ēhrbed nām kerd hēm],
ud abar Ōhrmazd šāhān šāh ud Warahrān šāhān šāh ī Šābuhragān, Kerdīr ī Ōhrmazd mowbed nām kerd hēm,
ud abar Warahrān šāhān šāh ī Warahrānagān, Kerdīr ī bōxt-ruwān-Warahrān [(ī) Ōhrmazd mowbed nām kerd hēm]