The Center for Hellenic Studies

Particles in Ancient Greek Discourse: Exploring Particle Use across Genres

  Bonifazi, Anna, Annemieke Drummen, and Mark de Kreij. 2016. Particles in Ancient Greek Discourse: Exploring Particle Use across Genres. Hellenic Studies Series 79. Washington, DC: Center for Hellenic Studies. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebook:CHS_BonifaziA_DrummenA_deKreijM.Particles_in_Ancient_Greek_Discourse.2016.

I.7 Particle index

ἀλλά    
  as priming act in Her. 8.108.4 IV.5 §63
  marking dispreferred responses in A., S., E., and Ar. III.4 §54
  reflecting explicitly subjective discourse in A., S., E., and Ar. III.2 §§64-68
ἄρα    
  accessing the discourse memory in Hom. II.4 §§38-41, §§50-53; II.5 §§51-62
  distribution in A., S., E., and Ar. III.2 §96
  marking epistemic stance in Her. and T. IV.4 §§171-172
  marking frame recall in Hom. and P. II.3 §§65-67; II.5 §§51-62
  marking unframed discourse in Her. IV.4 §§169-170
  ὅς ῥα in Hom. II.5 §§59-62
  see also >δ᾽ ἄρα  
ἀτάρ    
  introducing new conversational sequences in A., S., E., and Ar. III.4 §§39-40
γάρ    
  distribution in A., S., E., and Ar. III.2 §§50-57
  in priming acts in Her. and T. IV.3 §110; IV.5 §78
  interacting with resonance in A., S., E., and Ar. III.3 §§95-99
  introducing gnômai in A., S., E., and Ar. III.2 §54
  introducing embedded narratives in Hom. II.3 §§20-32
  introducing embedded narratives or narrative expansions in Her. and T. IV.3 §§109-110
  introducing unframed discourse in Hom. and P. II.4 §§15-28
  introducing unframed discourse in Her. and T. IV.3 §§108-109; IV.4 §59; IV.5 §91
  marking de re or de dicto explanations in A., S., E., and Ar. III.2 §§51-54
  marking expansion or indignant inference in A., S., E., and Ar. III.2 §§55-56
  starting a move in Her. and T. IV.3 §108; IV.5 §16, §19, §27, §39, §61, §68, §77, §§94-95
  see also >δὴ γάρ, >καὶ γάρ, >μὲν γάρ  
γε    
  distribution in A., S., E., and Ar. III.2 §§58-63
  in answers in A., S., E., and Ar. III.4 §62
  in stancetaking in A., S., E., and Ar. III.4 §§63-64
  interacting with resonance in A., S., E., and Ar. III.3 §§76-79, §100
  marking emotional involvement in T. IV.5 §34
  marking the author’s voice/voice and stance in Her. and T. IV.4 §§40-44
  marking the character’s voice in Her. and T. IV.5 §20, §62, §67-68, §73
  reflecting agitation in A., S., E., and Ar. III.3 §100; III.5 §§45-47, §50
  reflecting anger in A., S., E., and Ar. III.5 §§51-58
  reflecting a foregrounded speaker in A., S., E., and Ar. III.2 §60; III.5 §45
  ὅ γε as a cluster II.5 §§27-29
  ὅ γε retrieving unexpressed referents in Hom. II.5 §§35-40
γε δή    
  expressing the authors’ voice in Her. and T. IV.4 §119n162
γε μάν    
  marking an associative link in P. II.2 §76
  see also >δέ γε/δέ… γε, ἦ που γε δή  
δέ    
  and calmness in A., S., and E. III.5 §§85-86
  at narrative transitions in P. II.3 §§65-67
  at narrative transitions in A., S., and E. III.2 §§27-30
  distribution in A., S., E., and Ar. III.2 §§24-32
  in priming acts in A., S., E., and Ar. III.5 §§31-32
  in priming acts in Her. and T. IV.2 §§38-41; IV.3 §89, §107; §§113-115; IV.5 §32, §59
  its pragmatic meaning as the only constant IV.2 §§14-17, §§42-46
  prototypical boundary marker in Hom. II.2 §§31-36
  starting (anti)strophes in choral songs in A. III.2 §§24-26
  starting syntactically diverse acts in Her. and T. IV.2 §§26-41; IV.5 §25-26, §107
  starting turns in A., S., E., and Ar. III.4 §34-§35, §37-§38, §46, §65
  ὁ δέ in Hom. II.5 §§19-26
δ᾽ ἄρα    
  marking frame recall in Hom. and P. II.5 §§51-58
  ὡς δὲ ἄρα/ὡς δ’ ἄρα marking frame recall in Her. IV.4 §167-168
δέ γε/δέ… γε    
  interacting with resonance in A., S., E., and Ar. III.3 §§80-83
δὲ καί    
  decoupled in function and scope IV.2 n201
δέ τε    
  marking shared traditional/encyclopedic knowledge in Hom. IV.2 §55, §57
  see also >καὶ δέ  
δή    
  as a mobile constituent in Hom. II.3 §41, §§60-61
  distribution in A., S., E., and Ar. III.2 §§73-79
  distribution in Her. and T. IV.4 §110
  distribution in Hom. II.3 §§54-55
  intensifying constituents or acts in Hom. and P. II.3 §§59-63; II.5 §§63-71
  marking information as perceptible or evident in A., S., E., and Ar. III.2 §§75-79
  marking information as perceptible or evident in Her. IV.4 §§92-93; IV.5 §79
  marking move transitions together with a οὗτος form in Her. and T. IV.3 §§127-128
  marking narrative progression in Her. IV.3 §129; IV.4 §§89-91
  marking narrative progression in Hom. II.3 §§53-58
  marking stance in authorial statements in Her. and T. IV.4 §§101-103 (Her.); IV.4 §60, §§116-118 (T.)
  marking stance in A., S., E., and Ar. III.2 §74
  marking stance in direct speech in Her. IV.5 §84
  marking stance in indirect speech and indirect thought in Her. and T. IV.4 §§94-100 (Her.); §§114-115 (T.); IV.5 §110
  mostly occurring in combinations and in recurrent constructions in Her. IV.4 §86
  possibly suggesting irony in T. IV.4 §§123-126
  suggesting alignment between author and audience in Her. (polyphonically) IV.4 §§104-108
  suggesting alignment between author and characters in T. (polyphonically) IV.1 §8; IV.4 §§121-122; IV.5 §38
  with superlatives and scalar expressions in Hom. II.3 §§60-61
  with superlatives and scalar expressions in A., S., E., and Ar. III.2 §74
  with superlative, comparative, and scalar expressions in Her. and T. IV.4 §95, §113, §116; IV.5 §38
  δὴ τότε introducing narrative peaks in Hom. II.3 §58
  οἷον δή/οἷα δή conveying emotional involvement in Her. and T. IV.4 §§118-119
δὴ γάρ    
  introducing free indirect thought in Hom. II.4 §§19-20
  see also >γε δή, >ἤδη/ἦ δή, >ἦ που δή, ἦ που γε δή, καὶ δή, καὶ δὴ καί, μὲν δή, ὦν δή, τε δή  
δῆθεν    
  marking more stances at once (polyphonically) IV.4 §§128-136
δήπου    
  marking authorial stance in T. IV.4 §112n144
δῆτα    
  distribution in A., S., E., and Ar. III.2 §§58-63
  interacting with resonance in A., S., E., and Ar. III.3 §§84-88
  reflecting agitation in A., S., E., and Ar. III.5 §45, §§49-50
  reflecting foregrounded speaker in A., S., E., and Ar. III.2 §60
ἦ    
  distribution in A., S., E., and Ar. III.2 §§85-89
  in emotional stancetaking in A., S., and E. III.2 §§88-89
  in questions in A., S., and E. III.2 §§86-87; III.4 §47
  with interjectional force at move boundaries II.3 §35 and §§40-43
ἤδη/ἦ δή    
  introducing embedded discourse in Hom. II.3 §§33-43
ἤδη    
  as the equivalent of propositional “now” in Her. and T. IV.4 §161
  marking epistemic stance about space in Her. IV.4 §150
  marking epistemic stance about time in Her. and T. IV.4 §§160-161
  marking first-hand experience/subjective perception in Her. and T. IV.4 §§151-155; IV.5 §41, §65, §110
  marking stance in free indirect thought in T. IV.4 §156
  resembling ἦ δή in function, in Her. and T. IV.4 §155, §164
  sharing different co-texts with δή in Her. and T. IV.4 §§146-150
  suggesting blending of stances, and alignment between author and characters in T. IV. 4 §§157-159
  with superlative, comparative, and scalar expressions in Her. and T. IV.4 §146, §§148-149
ἦ μήν    
  evoking direct speech in indirect speech in T. IV.4 §§32-33
ἦ που δή, ἦ που γε δή    
  expressing subjective certainty in T. IV.4 §112
καί    
  after relative pronouns IV.2 §103
  as “or” in Her. and T. IV.2 §§117-121
  as priming act in Her. and T. IV.3 §§111-112; IV.5 §46
  different enrichments in Her. and T. IV.2 §§114-116; IV.1 §5
  distribution in A., S., E., and Ar. III.2 §§33-38
  high frequency creating accumulation effect in T. IV.2 §132; IV.5 §39
  interacting with resonance in A., S., E., and Ar. III.3 §45, §§89-94
  introducing a climax in Her. and T. IV.2 §§122-132
  introducing specifications in Her. and T. IV.2 §§102-105; IV.5 §17, §43
  introducing specifications in A., S., E., and Ar. III.2 §36
  marking narrative peaks in Her. and T. IV.2 §§106-107
  marking move ends in T. IV.2 §§112-113; IV.5 §47
  much more frequent in T. than in Her. IV.2 §7; IV.5 §109
  multifunctionality in A., S., E., and Ar. III.2 §§33-38
  starting moves in Her. and T. IV.2 §§108-111; IV.3 §§111-112
  starting turns in A., S., E., and Ar. III.4 §36
  καὶ τότε introducing narrative peaks II.3 §58
καὶ γάρ    
  introducing associative embedded narratives in Hom. II.3 §§30-32
  introducing associative specifications in Her. and T. IV.2 §§98-99
καὶ δέ    
  having act or move scope in Hom. IV.2 n175
καὶ δή    
  in descriptions of compliance in A., S., E., and Ar. III.4 §§51-52
  marking an instantaneous and perceptual fact in Ar. IV.2 §101
  pinning down an exciting turn in Her. IV.2 §100; IV.3 §80
  starting a move in Her. IV.5 §83
καὶ δὴ καί    
  singling out the next subject in Her. IV.2 §96
καί τε    
  marking shared traditional/encyclopedic knowledge in Hom. IV.2 §§55-56
καί τι καί    
  introducing narrative expansions in T. IV.2 §97
καίτοι    
  predominant in speeches in T. IV.4 §36
  starting a move in Her. IV.5 §79
  see also >δὲ καί, >τε καί  
μέν    
  and calmness in tragedy III.5 §§34-37
  at move transitions together with a οὗτος form in Her. and T. IV.3 §65, §§125-126
  distribution in A., S., E., and Ar. III.2 §§69-72
  projecting a non-straightforward answer in A., S., E., and Ar. III.4 §55
  projecting across metrical transitions in P. II.2 §55; II.3 §73
  projecting across potential speaker transitions (floor-holding device) in A., S., E., and Ar. III.4 §§28-30
  projecting multiple acts in Her. and T. IV.3 §88, §140; IV.5 §33
  projecting similar conversational sequences in A., S., and E. III.4 §33
  prototypical projection marker in Hom. and P. II.2 §§46-62
  μέν… δέ and hostility in tragedy III.5 §38
  μέν… δέ across subject or frame division in Her. and T. IV.3 §§66-67; IV.5 §36, §§58-60
μὲν γάρ    
  starting a move in Her. IV.3 §79
μὲν δή    
  at move transitions in Her. IV.1 §6; IV.3 §§130-137, 139-143
μέν νυν    
  at move transitions in Her. IV.3 §§130-132, §§134-135, §§138-143; IV.5 §56, §58
  in a priming act in Her. and T. IV.3 §79
μὲν οὖν    
  as a cluster or combination in A., S., E., and Ar. III.2 §§82-83
  at move transitions in T. IV.3 §§144-146
μέντοι    
  distribution in A., S., E., and Ar. III.2 §96
μήν (μάν)    
  distribution in A., S., E., and Ar. III.2 §96
  see also >ἦ μήν, γε μάν  
νυν    
  starting turns in A., S., E., and Ar. III.4 §44
  marking the return to the here-and-now in P. II.5 §76, §79
  see also >μέν νυν  
οὖν/ὦν    
  distribution in A., S., E., and Ar. III.2 §§80-84
  in conversational pre-expansions in A., S., E., and Ar. III.4 §43, §45
  marking logical inferences or conclusions in A., S., E., and Ar. III.2 §§81-82
  starting moves in Her. and T. IV.5 §11, §64, §93, §97
ὦν δή    
  marking frame recall in Her. IV.3 §79
  starting a move in Her. IV.5 §80
  see also μὲν οὖν  
που/κου    
  very similar frequency in Her. and T. IV.4 §112n144
  see also >ἦ που δή, ἦ που γε δή  
τε    
  lack thereof in certain tragic choral songs III.2 §42
  and the coda effect in in Her. and T. IV.2 §§78-79; IV.5 §62
  distribution in A., S., E., and Ar. III.2 §§39-49
  high frequency in Aristophanic choral songs III.2 §44
  in priming acts in Her. and T. IV.2 §87
  marking non-arbitrary coordination in P. II.4 §§58-68
  marking shared traditional/encyclopedic knowledge in Her. and T. IV.2 §§58-60, §§65-69
  marking shared traditional/encyclopedic knowledge in Hom. II.4 §§32-37; IV.2 §§54-57
  marking shared traditional/encyclopedic knowledge in A., S., E., and Ar. III.2 §§39-49; IV.2 §64
  providing a solemn or formal tone in A., S., E., and Ar. III.2 §§45-47
  starting moves in Her. and T. IV.2 §§85-87; IV.5 §14, §22, §40, §§44-45, §74
  starting turns in A., S., E., and Ar. III.4 §27
  various enrichments thereof in Her. and T. IV.2 §§70-73
  τε projecting καί in Her. and T. IV.2 §§80-81; IV.5 §11
  τε… τε in Her. and T. IV.2 §§62-63, §68 IV.5 §54
τε δή    
  starting conclusive statements in Her. and T. IV.3 §122, §129
τε καί    
  marking shared traditional/encyclopedic knowledge in Her. and T. IV.2 §68; IV.5 §36, §108
  see also >δέ τε, >καί τε  
τοι    
  as intensifier and attention-getting device in A., S., E., and Ar. III.4 §61
  connected to a persuasive intention in A., S., E., and Ar. III.4 §§58-60
  connected to a persuasive intention in Her. IV.4 §37; IV.5 §§75-76
  frequency in A., S., E., and Ar. III.4 §58
  exceptional occurrences in narrator text in Her. IV.4 §37
τοιγάρ    
  interacting with resonance in Ar. III.3 §101
τοίνυν    
  conveying disalignment in T. IV.4 §61
  in authorial statements in Her. IV.4 §38
  predominant in speeches in Her. and T. IV.4 §36