Chapter 8. Royalty and Nobility Abstract The king in Germanic (Engl. king, Germ. König, etc.) is the one who is born, that is “well born,” “noble” (from the root *gen– ‘be born’). But the noble has another name, which is extremely instructive, e.g. Germ. edel, originally *atalo-, derived from *atta ‘foster-father’: this designation for the nobleman implies that the great Indo-European families practiced fosterage. In fact, the use in Homeric… Read more
Chapter 9. The King and His People Abstract The two Homeric words for “the people,” dē̂mos and laós, are distinguished in sense and in origin. Dē̂mos designated both a division of land and the people who inhabit it; it is a term of Dorian origin. Laós is the community of men, a warrior group which is defined by its relationship to the chief, the “shepherd” ( poimḗn), or the “leader”… Read more
Abbreviations < comes > becomesAgs. Anglo-SaxonArm. Armenian Av. Avestan Engl. English Fr. French Germ. German Got. Gothic Gr. Greek Hitt. Hittite Hom. Homeric Greek Icel. Icelandic I.E. Indo-European Il. Iliad I.Ir. Indo-Iranian Ir. Iranian Irl. TrishItal. ItalianKhot. Khotanese Lat. Latin Lett. Lettish Lith. LithuanianMHG Middle High German… Read more
Preface This book, as its title indicates, is the outcome of research which had as its object a considerable portion of the Indo-European vocabulary. But the nature of the expressions studied, the method applied, and the analysis carried out, need elucidation. Among the languages of the world those belonging to the Indo-European family best lend themselves to wide-ranging study both in space and time. Such studies can also be pursued… Read more
Book V: Law Chapter 1. Thémis Abstract The root common to Skt. r̥ta, Iran. arta, Lat. ars, artus, ritus, which designates “order” as a harmonious arrangement of the parts of a whole, did not provide any juridical term in Indo-European. “Law” is in Skt. dhāman and in Gr. thémis, and the term means literally the rule established (root *dhē– ‘to bring into existence’) by the gods. This rule defines family… Read more
Chapter 2. Díkē Abstract Latin dico and Greek díkē together imply the idea of a formulaic law which lays down what is to be done in every particular situation. The judge—Hom. dikas–pólos—is the one who keeps the formulary and pronounces (dicit) authoritatively the appropriate sentence. Text The counterpart of thémis is the notion of díkē. The first, as we have said, relates to justice as it is exercised within a… Read more
Chapter 3. Ius and the Oath in Rome Abstract Parallel with díkē, the Latin ius, which is translated as “law,” has a derived verb iurare which means “to swear.” Strange though this seems from a semantic point of view, this derivation is illuminated by two complementary pieces of research: (1) When brought into connection with Avestan yaoš– and considered in the light of its particular affinity with the verb dico… Read more
Chapter 4. *med– and the Concept of Measure Abstract In historical times the root *med– designated a great variety of different things: “govern,” “think,” “care for,” “measure.” The primary meaning cannot be determined simply by reducing all these to a vague common denominator nor by a confused agglomeration of the historically attested senses. It can be defined as “measure”—not “measurement,” but “moderation” (Lat. modus, modestus)—designed to restore order in a… Read more
Chapter 5. Fas Abstract The existence of two derivatives in *-to-, Lat. fastus and festus, of diametrically opposite meaning, is sufficient to demolish the connection often proposed between fas and the group of fanum, feriae. It is perfectly evident that fas must be brought into connection with the Lat. fari (Gr. phēmi, IE *bhā-). Irreproachable from a formal point of view, this etymology requires semantic justification: how can a connection… Read more
Chapter 6. The Censor and Auctoritas Abstract If the Roman magistrate with specifically normative functions is called censor and if the senators whom he enrolls formally register their authoritative opinion by saying “censeo,” this is because the IE *kens– strictly meant “to affirm a truth (which becomes law) with authority.” This authority—auctoritas—with which a man must be invested for his utterances to have the force of law is not, as… Read more
