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Chapter 4. *med- and the Concept of Measure

Chapter 6. The Latin Vocabulary of Signs and Omens Abstract Latin is remarkable for the abundance of terms which in literary usage are employed indifferently to denote the divine sign, the omen. But etymology enables us to restore the preliterary distinctions between omen ‘a veracious presage’. monstrum ‘a creature whose abnormality constitutes a warning’ (moneo ‘to warn’). ostentum ‘a phenomenon which extends (*ten-) opposite (obs-) the observer in his field… Read more

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Chapter 10. Purchase and Redemption

Chapter 17. Gratuitousness and Gratefulness Abstract Lat. gratia is a term, originally having religious value, which was applied to a mode of economic behavior: what designated “grace” and an “action of grace” came to express the notion of “gratuitousness” (gratis). Text The terms relating to the various aspects of payment lead on to consideration of the opposite notion, namely that of “gratuitousness.” This is an economic as well as a… Read more

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Chapter 11. An Occupation without a Name: Commerce

Book II: The Vocabulary of Kinship Introduction Abstract If our knowledge of the Indo-European vocabulary of kinship has not been noticeably advanced since the study of Indo-European kinship by Delbrück (1890), ethnological research, for its part, has made great progress, and this is what today provokes the linguist to revise the traditional interpretation of certain lexical “anomalies.” Text The terms relating to kinship are among the most stable and securely… Read more

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Section 4: Economic Obligations

Chapter 1. The Importance of the Concept of Paternity Abstract Father and mother, brother and sister do not constitute symmetrical couples in Indo-European. Unlike *māter ‘mother’, *pəter does not denote the physical parent, as is evidenced, for instance, by the ancient juxtaposition preserved in Latin Iupiter. Nor is *bhrāter ‘brother’ a term of consanguinity: Greek, in phrá̄tēr, preserves better than any other language the sense of “a member of a… Read more

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Chapter 12. Accountancy and Valuation

Chapter 2. Status of the Mother and Matrilineal Descent Abstract Among other pointers to the non-existence of any legal status for the mother in Indo-European society, the absence of a word *mātrius as a counterpart to patrius may be cited. Nevertheless, the vocabulary, especially in Greek, preserves the memory of quite different social structures which are probably not Indo-European: the existence of a Zeus Hēraîos and of a conjugal couple… Read more

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Chapter 13. Hiring and Leasing

Chapter 3. The Principle of Exogamy and its Applications Abstract Only the custom of marriage between cross-cousins, which in its application means that the same person is my father’s father and the brother of my mother’s mother, enables us to understand that Latin avunculus, derived from avus ‘paternal grandfather’ signifies ‘maternal uncle’. Correlatively, nepos ‘nephew’ (indulged by his maternal uncle, but subjected to the strict patria potestas), beside this original… Read more

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Chapter 14. Price and Wages

Chapter 4. The Indo-European Expression for “Marriage” [1] Abstract “Marriage” has no Indo-European term. In speaking of the man it is simply said—and this in expressions which have often been remodeled in particular languages—that he “leads” (home) a woman whom another man has “given” him (Lat. uxorem ducere and nuptum dare; in speaking of the woman, that she enters into the “married state,” receiving a… Read more

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Chapter 15. Credence and Belief

Chapter 5. Kinship Resulting from Marriage Abstract Except for the husband and wife, for whom no specific terms seem to have existed in Indo-European, the words in this field have a constant form and precise sense—but they are not amenable to analysis. They always designate the tie of kinship through a man—the husband’s mother and father, the husband’s brother, the husband’s sister, the brother’s wife and the husband’s brother’s wife. Read more

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Chapter 16. Lending, Borrowing, and Debt

Chapter 6. Formation and Suffixation of the Terms for Kinship Abstract From the morphological point of view, the great unity of the Indo-European vocabulary of kinship emerges from the existence of the class suffix *-ter (or *-er), which not only characterizes a great number of the most ancient terms (*pǝter, etc.), but still continues to figure in the most recent creations or remodeled expressions. Even when they differ from one… Read more

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Chapter 17. Gratuitousness and Gratefulness

Chapter 7. Words Derived from the Terms for Kinship Abstract Greek here offers a group of new designations—huiōnós ‘grandson’, páppos ‘grandfather’, adelphidoûs ‘nephew’—which, with adelphós supplanting phrátēr, are evidence for the passage from a system of classificatory kinship to a descriptive one. Latin has three adjectives derived from pater. Only one is Indo-European: this is patrius, which, in fact, goes back to *pǝter in its most ancient “classificatory” sense (patria… Read more