Chapter 7. The Beginning of Χόλος {126|127} As we have seen, khólos comes to be identified by its endpoint, a feature that accords well with Calchas’s indication that it can be consumed “in a day” (autêmar, Il. 1.81). Can we also expect that it can be located as to its beginning, the moment at which a character comes to be angry? And will we also find moments… Read more
Chapter 8. Fighting Words {140|141} In his definition, Calchas suggests that khólos, unlike kótos, can be brought under control. In this chapter, I will elaborate on the limitations of that control, by showing that certain kinds of speech may stimulate khólos, whereas for kótos that is an impossibility. First, responses to khólos can be styled as formal challenges, often in the manner of the invective. Second, I… Read more
Chapter 9. Fighting Deeds ἐπέων κεχολωμένος ἠδὲ καὶ ἔργων (Il . 11.703) {162|163} In the preceding chapter, khólos emerged in the context of speeches in which a character speaks out of anger or where the speaker elicits an angry reply, or both. In these instances, the angered party has a specific motive derived from the immediate context. But, as we will now… Read more
Chapter 10. The Embassy, Χόλος, and the Iliad’s Genre Iota sings the EmbassyAnd brave Achilles’ stern reply. Chapman {186|187} With the epigraph from Chapman’s translation of Iliad 9, I mean to turn our focus to the nature of Achilles’ reply, what Chapman calls its sternness. This translator of the Iliad sees quite clearly the importance of Iliad 9: Achilles’ reply… Read more
Chapter 11. The Culture and Poetics of Χόλος in the Iliad {204|205} The complexities of khólos also take us into the realm of poetics, especially in terms of the formulation with which this study began, Calchas’s own statement: eí per gár te khólon ge kaì autêmar katapépsēi … (Il. 1.81), “For even if he should digest it completely in a day …” And this is no chance… Read more
Chapter 12. Conclusions and a Comparison {232|233} I began this study by reviewing the extensive literature on anger in Homer, with a view to finding a method that attends closely to Homeric poetic practice even as it looks to other disciplines including anthropology and linguistics. Such a project seems to be a comparative literature of early traditions and texts; but comparative literature also needs to compare literatures. Read more
Appendix 1. Forms of Κότος Discussed in Part I Group 1 Iliad 8.449 ὀλλῦσαι Τρῶας, τοῖσιν κότον αἰνὸν ἔθεσθε Iliad 16.449 υἱέες ἀθανάτων, τοῖσιν κότον αἰνὸν ἐνήσεις Odyssey 11.102 λήσειν ἐννοσίγαιον, ὅ τοι κότον ἔνθετο θυμῷ Odyssey 13.342 πατροκασιγνήτῷ, ὅς τοι κότον ἔνθετο θυμῷ Group 2 Iliad 1.82… Read more
Appendix 2: Forms of Χόλος Discussed in Part II The Accusative Case (14 total) Group 1. παύω + χόλον at the bucolic diaeresis Iliad 9.459 ἀλλά τις ἀθανάτων παύσεν χόλον ὅς ῥ’ ἐνὶ θυμῷ Iliad 15.72 τὸ πρὶν δ’ οὔτ’ ἄρ ἐγὼ παύω χόλον, οὔτε τιν’ ἄλλον Odyssey 4.583 αὐπὰρ ἐπεὶ κατέπαυσα θεῶν χόλον αἰὲν ἐόντων … Read more
Introduction 1. General The Greeks who defeated the Persian invaders in the early fifth century B. C. erected monuments to last beyond their lifetimes and to arouse in succeeding generations a feeling of respect and wonder for their achievement. None of the monuments commemorating these famous wars have survived in unimpaired form and few have survived at all. In view of the ravages of time and… Read more
I. Monuments of the Ionian Revolt 1. Naxos: Stater, with wreathed cahtharus, commemorating a victory over the Persians in 500 B. C. at the beginning of the Ionian Revolt. Holloway 1962. The archaic staters of Naxos, issued during the sixth century and the first decade of the fifth, bear on the obverse side a cantharus with ivy leaf and a bunch… Read more
