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7. Ottoman Arabs in Istanbul, 1860-1914: Perceptions of Empire, Experiences of the Metropole through the Writings of Aḥmad Fāris al-Shidyāq, Muḥammad Rashīd Riḍā, and Jirjī Zaydān, Ilham Khuri-Makdis

7. Ottoman Arabs in Istanbul, 1860-1914: Perceptions of Empire, Experiences of the Metropole through the Writings of Aḥmad Fāris al-Shidyāq, Muḥammad Rashīd Riḍā, and Jirjī Zaydān Ilham Khuri-Makdis It is a well-known fact that Arab intellectuals—Egyptians, Syrians, North Africans, and others—traveled to Europe and wrote about their impressions of European capitals throughout the long nineteenth century, and to a lesser degree earlier. [1]… Read more

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8. Evading Athens Versions of a Post-Imperial, National Greek Landscape around 1830, Constanze Güthenke

8. Evading Athens: Versions of a Post-Imperial, National Greek Landscape around 1830 Constanze Güthenke On New Ground In 1834, the German archaeologist Ludwig Ross, freshly minted overseer of Greek antiquities in the Peloponnese, described the arrival in Athens, Greece’s freshly minted capital, of King Otho’s bride Amalia as the first Queen of Greece: With the advent of Western civilization and its true benefits… Read more

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9. Translation as Geographical Relocation Nineteenth-Century Greek Adaptations of Molière in the Ottoman Empire, Anna Stavrakopoulou

9. Translation as Geographical Relocation: Nineteenth-Century Greek Adaptations of Molière in the Ottoman Empire Anna Stavrakopoulou In short, I learn from the theatre, how to recognize that which is most suited to creating an impression on the mind, to achieving amazement or laughter or how to ignite a certain charming chuckle in the hearts of men which comes about when one hears the mistakes… Read more

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10. In “Third Space” Between Crete and Egypt in Rhea Galanaki’s The Life of Ismail Ferik Pasha, Yota Batsaki

10. In “Third Space”: Between Crete and Egypt in Rhea Galanaki’s The Life of Ismail Ferik Pasha Yota Batsaki Rhea Galanaki’s 1989 The Life of Ismail Ferik Pasha* was the first Modern Greek novel to be listed in UNESCO’s Collection of Representative Works. [1] A description of the selection criteria explains that these works, whose translation into—mainly—English and French was funded… Read more

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11. The Discursive Mapping of Sectarianism in Iraq The “Sunni Triangle” in the Pages of The New York Times, Sahar Bazzaz

11. The Discursive Mapping of Sectarianism in Iraq: The “Sunni Triangle” in the Pages of The New York Times Sahar Bazzaz On March 19, 2003, the United States and a small group of supporting nations known as the “Coalition of the Willing” launched “Operation Iraqi Freedom” with the expressed intent of removing the authoritarian regime of then President Saddam Hussein and establishing a democratic government in… Read more

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Contributors

Contributors Antonis Anastasopoulos is Assistant Professor of Ottoman History at the Department of History and Archaeology of the University of Crete, and a research associate of the Institute for Mediterranean Studies of the Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IMS/FORTH). Dimiter Angelov is Professor of Byzantine History at the University of Birmingham. Yota Batsaki is the Executive Director of Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington,… Read more

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Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments Of those who have helped me in my research, the most important is my wife, Colette, who allowed me to work undisturbed, and whose curiosity about my topic provided many stimulating conversations. Robin Darling Young was the first to suggest that the topic would be fertile; her intuition was correct, probably far more than she knew. Early drafts of chapters were read by Kevin Corrigan, Andrew… Read more

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Abbreviations

Abbreviations ANF = Roberts, A., J. Donaldson, and A. C. Coxe, eds. 1885–1896. Ante-Nicene Fathers. Buffalo. BCNH.É = Bibliothèque copte de Nag Hammadi. Section “Études.” BCNH.T = Bibliothèque copte de Nag Hammadi. Section “Textes.” CAG = Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca CSEL = Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum … Read more

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1. Introduction

1. Introduction In ancient Judaism and Christianity, the fascination with numbers and number symbolism was widespread. Just think of the 12 tribes and 12 apostles, Enoch’s 365 years on earth, and 40-day periods of fasting or mourning. In such patterns, Jews and Christians shared a common vocabulary with all ancient societies, which used numbers to adorn their lore, order their calendars, and frame their cosmology. In the… Read more

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2. Generating the World of Numbers: Pythagorean and Platonist Number Symbolism in the First Century

2. Generating the World of Numbers: Pythagorean and Platonist Number Symbolism in the First Century Two intellectual traditions from classical antiquity laid the foundation for the early Christian theology of arithmetic. The first, and most easily identified, was the rich tradition of number symbolism in the ancient Mediterranean. Numbers had been used symbolically from very early times and in many cultures, as attested by cuneiform tablets and… Read more