The Center for Hellenic Studies

Hostages in Republican Rome

  Use the following persistent identifier: http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebook:CHS_Walker.Hostages_in_Republican_Rome.2005.

Appendix 1A: Historical and Legendary Hostages {214-244}

The following lists comprise all the references to hostages and hostageship found in the ancient authors who are cited in the bibliography. In the first (Appendix 1.A.) are all historical and legendary/historical cases; they have been arranged in chronological order and assigned a reference number. Besides the basic data of donor and recipient, each incident is classified into one of the four categories: bilateral exaction, formal unilateral exaction between governments, private contract, and extralegal seizure. The vocabulary used of the agreement is then listed, followed by the sources for the episode. Because the space on a page is limited, the remaining information on historical and semi-historical exactions is compiled in the second part of this appendix (Appendix 1.B) which is arranged according to the stage at which it occurred: the period of the actual delivery, the period of detention, and the termination and aftermath of the exaction.

Key to Abbreviations:

* No exaction occurred; proposal rejected or generosity emphasized
** Discussed in text; see above, pp. 127-128
X No information
M Male
F Female
R Recipient
D Donor
O Other
A Delivery date; see above, pp. 58-59.
B Mutatio obsidum indicated; see above, pp. 67-72.
C Total period of exaction indicated; see above, pp. 66-67.
 
Case Number Year From To Type Terminology Source other
1 legendary Hyperboreans Hercules X X Dion. Hal. 1.43.1  
2 legendary Athens Crete X X Plut. Theseus19.5-6  
3 legendary Aborigines/Trojans Aborigines/Trojans Exchange συνθῆκαι; ὁμολογία; συνθέμενοι; πίστεις‚ Dion. Hal. 1.59.1-2; 73.2  
4 legendary Sabines Rome Extralegal X Plut. Rom.16.2  
5 legendary Caenina Rome X X Dion. Hal. 2.34.1  
6 legendary Veii Rome Treaty σπονδαί Dion. Hal. 2.55.5-6; 56.3  
        Treaty ὁμολογία; φιλία Plut.Rom.25.4; 27.2  
7 legendary Alba Longa Rome X X Dion. Hal. 3.28.6  
8 legendary Etruscans Rome Extralegal X Dion. Hal. 3.57.1  
9 509 B.C. Roman Army Republicans Extralegal X Dion. 4.83.3  
10 508 Rome Porsenna Extralegal X Dion. Hal. 5.31.2  
11.1 508 Rome Porsenna Treaty φιλία; ἀνοχά; σπονδαί; σπένδεται; καταλύσει Dion. Hal. 5.31-34  
11.2         ὁμολογία; φιλία; πίστεις; διαλλαγείς‚ Plut. Popl.18-19; Moralia250  
11.3         φίλος‚ Tzetzes, Chil. 6, 201-23 (from Dio 4)  
11.4         συνθῆκαι; πίστον Polyaenus 8.31.1  
11.5         pax; foedus; fides Silius Italicus Pun.10.488-501; 13.828.30  
11.6         pax; foedus Serv. Comm.’ Aen. 8.646-51  
11.7         foedus Pliny N.H.34.13.28-29;39.139  
11.8         condiciones pacis; foedus Livy 2.13; 15.6; 9.11.6  
11.9         X Dio 45.31.1; Sen. Cons. , Ad.’ M’ arciam 16.2  
11.10         amicitiae foedus Cic. De Off.1.18.61;Oros. 2.5.3; Florus 1.4.10.3  
11.11         X Val. Max. 3.2.2; Verg. Aen.8.6 46-51; Juv. 8.264-65  
11.12         X De Viris Ill.13  
12.1 503 Pometia Rome X X Livy 2.16.9 add 11
12.2 495 Cora & Pometia Rome X X Livy 2.22.2  
12.3   Volsci Rome Treaty ἐπιτρέποντες; παρασπονδεῖν; πίστεις‚ Dion. Hal. 6.25.2-3; 30.1  
13.1 493 Roman Plebs Roman Patriciate Extralegal X Dion. Hal. 6.53.1; 62.5 add 2
13.2   Roman Patriciate Roman Plebs Private ἀνάδοχοι; ἐνέχυρα Dion. Hal. 6.84.2  
14 492 Rome Roman Exiles at Cumae Extralegal ῥύσια Dion. Hal. 7.2.3; 12.2  
15 after 492 “Deserter” Aristodemus of Cumae Private X Dion. Hal. 7.10.5-6  
16 490 Amyntas of Macedon Darius of Persia Treaty pax Justin 7.3.2  
17 488 Coriolanus Rome Extralegal X Dion. Hal. 8.43.4  
18 480 Thebes Sparta Extralegal X Herod. 7.222; Plut. Moralia865  
19 479 Asiatic Greeks Xerxes of Persia X X Diod. 11.36.6  
20.1 479/8 Themistocles Sparta Private X Nepos Them.7.2 add 1
20.2 Sparta Sparta Themistocles Extralegal X Plut. Them. 19.2  
21 478 Veii Rome Treaty εἰρήνη; σπένδεται; συνθῆκαι; συγκειμένοις‚ Dion. Hal. 9.17.3 add 1
22 457 Opuntian Locrians Athens X X Thuc. 1.108.3  
23 457 Phocians Athens X X Diod. 11.83.3  
24 446/5 Chalcis Athens X X Staatsvertrage, II: #155  
25.1 441/0 Samians Athens Treaty ἀπέστησαν Thuc. 1.115.3,5; Plut. Per.25.1-3  
25.2         X Diod. 12.27.2-3  
26 440/39 Samians Athens Treaty παραστάντων; ὁμολογία Plut. Per.28.1; Thuc. 1.117.3 add 1
27 412 Athens Syracuse Treaty σπείσασθαι Thuc. 7.83.2; Plut. Nic.27.2  
28 408 Byzantium Athens Treaty συνέθεντο; συνθῆκαι Polyaenus 1.47.2  
29 fifth century Satyyrus of Bosporus Tirgatao of Maeotis treaty εἰρήνη; συνέθετο; συνθέμενοι Polyaenus 8.55.1  
30 396 Campanian Aetna Syracuse Treaty συμμαχίαι; ἀποστῆναι Diod. 14.61.4-6  
31 394 Falerii Rome Extralegal X Front. Strat.4.4.1  
32 394 Falerii Rome Treaty deditio; dicio; pax Livy 5.27.14  
33.1 389 Rome Latins Treaty φιλίαι; εἰρήνη Plut. Rom.29.4-6; Cam.33.2-7  
33.2     Gauls X X Plut. Moralia313A  
33.3     Latins X X Macrobius Sat.1.11.35-40  
34 389/8 Rhegium Syracuse Treaty X Diod. 14.106.2-3; 108.1-3 add 2
35 ca. 383 Amyntas III of Macedon Illyrians X X Diod. 16.2.2,4  
36 381 Tusculum Rome Treaty X Dion. Hal. 14.6 (9)  
37 379 Charon X Private X Plut. Pel.9.5-7; Moralia595  
38 369 Alexander II of Macedon Illyrians X X Justin 7.51  
39.1 369 Alexander II of Macedon Thebes Treaty pax Justin 7.5.2-3; Plut. Pel.26.4; Oros. 3.12.2  
39.2         συμμαχία Diod. 15.67.4  
40 368 Ptolemy of Macedon Thebes Treaty ὁμολογία; φίλος‚ Plut. Pel.27.3 add 1
39-40 X X X X X Plut. Moralia178C; Justin 6.9.7  
41 362/1 Rheomithras Tachos of Egypt Private X Xen. Cyrop.8.8.4; Diod.15.92.1  
42 361/0 Archytus et al. Plato Private ἀνάδοχος‚ Plut. Dion 18.2; 20.1  
43 ca. 357 Latmians Hidrieus X X Polyaenus 7.23.2  
44 mid-fourth century – – Treaty – Aeneas Tacticus 1.10.23-25  
45 351 Cersobleptes Philip II ? Treaty X Aesch. Emb.81  
46 350/49 Egyptians Persians X X Diod. 16.48.3  
47 334/3 Memnon Darius III Private X Diod. 17.23.5  
48 331 Sparta Antipater Treaty X Diod. 17.73.5; Aesch. Ctesipho133; Plutr.Moralia235 B-C; Athen. 15.681C  
49 329/8 Mardians Alexander III Treaty X Diod. 17.76.8  
50 326 Nysa Alexander III Treaty φίλος Plut. Alex.58.5  
51 ca. 326 Indians Alexander II Treaty σπεισάμενος‚ Polyaenus 4.3.30  
52 326 S. Italy Alexander of Epirus X X Livy 8.24.5  
53 326 Lucanians Samnites Treaty societas Livy 8.27.10  
54.1 321 Rome Samnites Treaty Condiciones pacis aequae; foedus; deditio; sponsio; pactio Livy 9.4.3-5.14; 12.9; 14.14-16; 15.3, 7  
54.2         foedus; arrabo Gellius 2.19.8, 17.2.21; 21.36  
54.3         foedus; pactio Oros. 3.15.5-6  
54.4         συνθῆκαι; ὁμολογία; σπονδαί Dio 8.19; Zonar. 7.26  
55.5         εἰρήνη; συνθήσομαι Appian Samn.4.4, 6  
55 320 Antigonus Eumenes Private X Plut. Eumenes10.2-3 add 4
56 319 Cappadocians X X X Plut. Eumenes12.2  
57 319 Ferentani Rome Treaty deditio Livy 9.16.1  
58 318/317 Canusini & Teates Rome Treaty deditio Livy 9.20.4; 20.7  
59 317 Phocion Athens Private X Nepos Phocian2.4  
60 315 Amathusii Seleucus X X Diod. 19.62.6  
61 315 Asander of Caria Antigonus Treaty συνθῆκαι; διελύσατο; φίλος‚ Diod. 19.75.1-2  
62 312 Nabataean Arabs Demetrius Treaty ὁμολογηθείσας; συνθέσις‚ Diod. 19.98.1  
63 308 Agathocles Ophelas Treaty X Polyaenus 5.3.4  
64 306 Agathocles Deinocrates Private ὁμολογίαι Diod. 20.79.4  
65 X Antigonus Gauls Treaty συνθέμενος‚ Polyaenus 4.6.17  
66 305 Rhodes Demetrius Treaty X Diod. 20.82.3  
67 304 Rhodes Demetrius Treaty συνέθεντο; διαλύσασθαι; εἰρήνη Diod. 20.99.3; 107.4  
68 303 Metapontum Cleonymus Treaty φίλος Diod. 20.104.3; Athen. 13.605D-E  
69 299 Nequinian traitors Rome Private X Livy 10.10.3  
70.1 298 Lucanians Rome Treaty φιλία; συνθῆκαι;σύμμαχοι Dion. Hal. 17.1-3  
70.2         foedus; fides Livy 10.11.13  
70.3         X Warmington, ROL4:2  
71 294 Bruttians Agathocles Treaty διαλύσις‚ Diod. 21.8 add 2
72 289 Syracuse Carthage Treaty διαλύσασθαι Diod. 21.18.1  
73 286 Demetrius Seleucus Treaty X Plut. Demetrius48.1  
74 285 Antigonus Seleucus Private X Plut. Demetrius51.2; Moralia183C  
75 281 Tarentum Pyrrhus Extralegal X Zonar. 8.2  
76 ca. 280 Gauls Ptolemy Ceraunus Treaty pax, fides Justin 24.5.3  
77 273 Antigonus Argos Treaty ὡμολόγει Plut. Pyrrhus31.2  
78 269 Samnites Rome X X Zonar. 8.7  
79 263/2 Tyndarus Carthage X X Diod. 23.5  
80 243/2 Hecatompylus Carthage Treaty X Diod. 24.10.2  
81 241 Carthage Rome Treaty σύμβασις; ὡμολόγηται; συνθέμενος‚ Zonar. 8.17  
82 ? 241 ? Sicilians ? Carthage X X Naevius 7.41-43 (Warmington)  
83 241 Mercenaries Carthage Extralegal X Polybius 1.68.3  
84 ? 230’s Sparta X X X Plut. Moralia215B  
85 225 Achaean League Cleomenes Private X Plut. Cleom.17.1; Aratus39.2  
86 225 Argos Cleomenes Treaty συμμαχίαι; ἡγεμονία Plut. Cleom.17.5  
87 225/4 Achaean League Antigonus Doson Treaty συμμαχία Plut. Cleom.19.4; Aratus38.6; 42.3  
88 223/2 Cleomenes Ptolemy III X X Plut. Cleom.22.3-7; 38  
89 ca. 220 Salmatis Hannibal Treaty συνέθεντο; ὡμολόγησαν; συγκείμενα Plut. Moralia248E-249B; Polyaenus 7.48.1  
90 219 Messene Achaean League Treaty (magistrates’ agreement) Polybius 4.9.5  
91 218 Colophon & Teos Attalus Treaty συνθῆκαι Polybius 5.77.6  
92 218 Spain Carthage Extralegal X Livy 21.21.11-13  
93.1 218 Boii Rome Treaty ἀπέστησαν..ἐγκαταλιπόντες τοὺς ὁμήρους‚ Polybius 3.40.7, 10; 67.6-7  
93.2         fides Livy 21.25.7  
93.3         deficere Front. Strat.1.8.6  
94 218 Alpine tribe Hannibal Treaty φιλία; amicitia Polybius 3.52.5-7; Livy 21.34.3-4  
95 218 Illergetes Rome Treaty dicio et ius Livy 21.61.5,7  
96 217 Spain Rome Treaty dicio et imperium Livy 22.20.11; 21.7  
97 217 Spain Hannibal Treaty defectio Polybius 3.98.99; Livy 22.2.4-18; Zonar. 9.1  
98 217 Sardinia & Corsica Rome X X Livy 22.31.1  
99 217 Pinnes of Ilyria Rome X X Livy 22.33.5  
100 217/6 Campania Rome Extralegal X Livy 23.4.8; 7.2; 31.10  
101 215 Sardinia Rome Treaty deditio Livy 23.41.6-7  
102 215 Rhegium Hannibal Extralegal X Livy 24.1.7-8  
103 214 Syracuse Hippocrates & Epicydes Extralegal X Livy 24.31.12-13  
104 212 Tarentum & Thurii Rome X defectio Livy 25.7.11-8.3; 15.7  
105 210 Blattius Rome Private X Appian Hann.47  
106.1 211 Andobales Hasdrubal X X Polybius 9.11.4  
106.2 209 Spain Carthage Treaty? συνθῆκαι Polybius 10.8.3; 18.3-15; 20.8; 34; 35.6; 38.1-2.4  
106.3       X X Appian Hisp.19, 23; Diod. 26.21; Livy 26.42.3; 43.4; 47.4; 49.1; 51.1; Val. Max. 4.3.1; Eutr. 3.15.3-4  
107 208 Arretium Rome X X Livy 27.24.1-5 add 2
108.1 206 Illergetes Rome Treaty deditio Livy 28.34.7-10  
108.2         amicitia Eutr. 3.17  
109 206 Masinissa Scipio Private X Livy 28.35.4 add 1
110 205 Spain Rome Treaty pax Livy 29.3.5; Appian Hisp.38  
111.1 203 Carthage Rome Treaty συνθῆκαι Polybius 15.8.7  
111.2 201 Carthage Rome Treaty προτεινομένων Polybius 15.18.8  
111.3         συνθῆκαι; εἰρήνη; ἀνοχαί–>φιλία,συμμαχία Appian Lib.54; 79  
111.4         διωμολογημένα; εἰρήνη; σύμβασις; φιλία Dio 17.82  
111.5         συνθῆκαι; ὁμολογίαι; εἰρήνη; σύμβασις‚ Zonar. 9.14  
111.6         indutiae pax; in fide Livy 30.37.6; 32.2.3-4; 26.5-18; 40.34.14; 45.14.5; per.32  
111.7         pax Nepos Hann. 7.2  
112 200 Achaean League Philip V Extralegal X Livy 31.25.8 add 6
113 197 Flamininus Philip V Private X Plut. Moralia197A  
114.1 197/6 Philip V Rome Treaty ἀνοχαί–>διαλύσεις; εἰρήνη Polybius 18.39.5-6; 44.1; Appian Mac.9.2  
114.2         ἐσπείσατο; εἰρήνη Dio 18.60; Zonar. 9.16  
114.3         indutiae pax Livy 33.13.14-15; 30.10; 34.52.9; 35.31.5; 36.35.13; 37.25.12; 40.15.8  
114.4         pax Eutr. 4.2.2; Justin 30.4.17; Oros. 4.20.2  
114.5         X De Viris Ill. 51; Plut. Aratus54.2  
114.6         διαλύσεις; ἐπιιτρέψας; καταλύεται Plut. Flam.9.5  
114.7 194/3 Philip V Rome Treaty X Diod. 28.15.1; Eutr. 4.2.3; Oros. 4.20.2  
114.8 191 Philip V Rome Treaty X Eutr. 4.3.3.; Plut. Flam.14.2; De Viris Ill.51  
114.9         X Appian Mac.9.5; Syr.20, 23  
114.10         ὁμολογίαι Zonar. 9.19  
114.11         πίστις‚ Polybius 21.3.3; 11.9-10  
115 197 Corinth Philip V Extralegal X Livy 33.14.2 add 10
116 197 Liguria Rome Treaty deditiones sine ullo pignore Livy 33.22.9  
117.1 195 Ilergetes Rome Extralegal X Livy 34.12.7  
117.2   Spain Rome Treaty X Appian Hisp.41; Polyaenus 8.17.1  
118 195 Sparta Nabis Extralegal X Livy 34.27.7-8; 32.12 add 1
119.1 195 Sparta Rome Treaty indutiae pax Livy 34.35.11; 40.4; 52.9  
119.2         fides DeViris Ill. 51; Eutr. 4.2.3; Oros. 4.20.2  
119.3 191 Sparta Rome Treaty πίστεις‚ Polybius 21.1.1-3; 3.3-4; 11.9-10; Livy 37.25.12  
120 191 Aearnania Antiochus III Extralegal X Livy 36.11.11 add 2
121 191 Boii Rome Treaty deditio Livy 36.39.3; 40.3  
122.1 190/89 Antiochus III Rome Treaty εἰρήνη; φιλία Polybius 21.17.8, 11  
122.2         φίλος, προὐτείνομεν Appian Syr.38  
122.3         εἰρήνη Diod. 29.10  
122.4         pax Livy 37.45.16, 20  
122.5 188 Antiochus III Rome Treaty φιλία; συνθῆκαι Polybius 21.42.14, 22  
122.6         foedus; amicitia; societas Livy 38.38.9,15; 42.6.9  
122.7         pax Eutr. 4.4.3; Justin 31.8.8  
122.8         εἰρήνη; φιλία; συνθῆκαι Appian Syr.39  
122.9         συγκειμένοις; ἐσπείσατο Zonar. 9.20  
122.10 187-175 Seleucus IV Rome Treaty X Zonar. 9.21; 25; Athen. 10. 438D; Livy 42.6.9; 44.19.8; per.41; Justin 34.32  
122.11 175-162 Seleucus IV & Antiochus IV Rome Treaty   Appian Syr.45-47; 67; Polybius 31.2; 11-15; 33.19; Justin 34.3.6-9; Diod. 31.18; Zonar. 9.25; Livy per.46  
123.1 189 Aetolian League Rome Treaty διαλύσεις; εἰρήνη Polybius 21.32.10-11 add 10
123.2         pax; foedus Livy 38.11.6  
123.3         ἀνοχαί–>εἰρήνη Zonar. 9.21  
124 189 Cephallanian Cities (Same, Palensians, Cranii) Rome Treaty deditio; pax Livy <38.28.6;> 38.28.9; 29.11 add 2
125 184 Cydonia Charmion X X Polybius 22.15.2-6  
126 181 Petra Philip V Treaty deditio Livy 40.22.14  
127 181 Thrace Philip X X Livy 20.24.3  
128 181 Ligurian Ingauni Rome Treaty dicio Livy 40.28.6  
129 181 Corsica Rome Treaty X Livy 40.34.12  
130 180 Ligurian Apuani Rome Treaty X Livy 40.38.5  
131.1 180/79 X Pharnaces X X Polybius 25.2.6  
131.2   Pharnaces Eumenes & Ariarathes Treaty διαλύσεις; εἰρήνη· Polybius 25.2.13-14  
132 179 Munda Rome X X Livy 40.47.2 add 1
133 179 Certima Rome Extralegal X Livy 40.47.10  
134 177 Histrians Rome Treaty Pax; dicio Llivy 41.10.4; 11.9  
135 176 Sardinia Rome Treaty dicio Livy 41.17.3  
136 173 Aetolians Aetolians Exchange fides reconciliationis Livy 42.5.12  
137 172 Perseus Marcius Treaty nequaquam ex dignitate pari Livy 42.39.6-7  
138 171 Tripolis Larisa (Roman allies) X X Livy 42.53.6-7  
139 170 Uscanan “traitors” Ap. Claudius Private X Livy 43.10.3  
140 169 Aetolian League Rome X X Polybius 28.4.2,7,13; Livy 43.17.6  
141 169 Judaea Antiochus IV Treaty διαλύσις‚ Diod. 34/35.1  
142 169 Penestae & Parthini Rome Treaty amicitia cum fide Livy 43.21.2-3  
143 169 Agassae Rome Treaty tradentibus sese ipsis Livy 44.7.5  
144.1 168 Genthius/Perseus Perseus/Genthius Exchange συμμαχία Polybius 29.3-4.6  
144.2         foedus Livy 44.23.2-9  
145.1 168 Eumenes Perseus Treaty προτεινόμενα; συνετίθετο Polybius 29.8.5-6  
145.2         fides Livy 44.25.7-8  
146 168 Perseus Gauls Treaty X Livy 44.26.11  
147 168 X X X X Livy 44.35.3  
148.1 167 Thrace Perseus Treaty κοινοπραγία Polybius 30.17.1-4  
148.2       X X Livy 45.42.5-12; Zonar 9.24  
149.1 ca. 161 Judaea Syria X X Joseph. J.A.13.17 add 1
149.2 153/2 Judaea Syria X X Joseph. J.A.13.38-40  
150 155-151/0 Oropus Athens Treaty ὁμολογία; συγκείμενα Paus. 7.11.4-6 add 1
151 154 Oxybii & Deciatae Massilia Treaty παρέδωκαν σφᾶς αὐτούς‚ Polybius 33.10.12  
152 152 Ocilis Rome X πόλιν παρεστήσατο Appian Hisp.48  
153 152 Nergobriges Rome Treaty συγκείμνον; ὡμολογημένα; εἰρήνη Appian Hisp.48  
154 151 Celtiberians Rome Treaty εἰρήνη; διαλύσεις‚ Appian Hisp.50  
155 151 Belli, Titthi, Arevaci Rome Treaty ἐπιτρέπειν Appian Hisp.50  
156 151 Cauca Rome Treaty φίλος Appian Hisp.52  
157 151 Intercatia Rome Treaty διέλυσε Appian Hisp.54  
158.1 149 Carthage Rome Treaty ἐπιτροπή; ἀνθομολόγησις‚ Polybius 36.4.6; 5.6-9; 6.1-7.5; 36.11.3  
158.2         deditio Livy per.49  
158.3         σπονδαί Zonar. 9.26, 30  
158.4         παράδοσις Diod. 32.6.1-2  
158.5         συνθήκαις; φίλος; σύμμαχος; συνθέσθαι; δόγμα; εἰρήνη Appian Lib.76-83; 92  
159 145 Thrace Diegylis Extralegal X Diod. 35.15.1 add 4
160 ca. 144 Gaza Judaea Treaty συνθέμενος φιλίαν Joseph. J.A.13.153  
161 143 or later Numantia & Termessus Rome Treaty διαλύσεως; εἰρήνη; φίλοι; σύμμαχοι; ὁμολογία Diod. 33.16.1  
162 143/2 Maccabaei Tryphon Treaty X Joseph. J.A.13.204-206  
163 141 Malia Rome X X Appian Hisp.77  
164 139 Numantia Rome Treaty συνθεμένων; ἐπιτρεψάντων; συνθῆκαι Appian Hisp.79  
165 137 Transdurian Tribes Rome Treaty αὐτοὺς ἐνδιδόντων Appian Hisp.72  
166 136/5 Talabriga Rome Treaty αὐτοὺς διδόντων Appian Hisp.73  
167 134 Judaea Antiochus VII Treaty X Joseph. J.A.13.247  
168 Between 140 & 96 Armenia Parthia X X Strabo 11.14.15C532; Justin 38.3.1  
169 109 Numidia Rome Treaty deditio Sall. Jug.54.6  
170.1 108 Jugurtha Rome Treaty deditio Oros. 5.15.7  
170.2       Treaty εἰρήνη; διελύσατο Dio. 26.89  
171.1 107 Rome Tigurini Treaty pacti Livy per.65 add 1
171.2         foedus Oros. 5.15.24  
172 91 Italian Confederates Italian Confederates Exchange πίστις Appian B.C.1.38 add 1
173 90 Jugurtha Rome X X Appian B.C. 1.42  
174 90 Popaedius Rome X ἐνέχυρα Appian B .C.1.44  
175 86 Chios Pontus Treaty X Appian Mith.46-47  
176 85 Placentia Carbo X X Val. Max. 6.2.10  
177 84 Italian towns Carbo X fides Livy per.84  
178 83 Sulla Scipio Treaty εἰρήνη; συμβάσεων; σπονδαί Appian B.C. 1.85  
179 77 Contrebia Sertorius Treaty X Livy 91.18  
180.1 ca. 77 Iberia Sertorius Extralegal X Plut. Sert.10.3; 14.2; 25.4  
180.2           Appian B.C.1.114  
181 75 Isaura Nova Rome Treaty deditio; pax Sall. Hist.II. 87B-D (Mb)  
182 ca. 75 Judaean Neighbors Judaea X X Joseph. J.A.13.409  
183 75/4 Pirates Cities ransoming Julius Caesar Private X Vell. Pat. 2.42.1  
184.1 70/69 Crete Rome X δόγμα; προτατόμενα Diod. 40.1.2-3  
184.2         ὁμολογῆσαι; σπονδαί Dio 30-35  
184.3         διαλλαγῶν Appian Sic.6.1  
185 67 Cretan Pirates Rome Treaty deditio Cic. De Imperio Cn. Pompei12.35 add 2
186.1 65 Artoces of Iberia Rome Treaty εἰρήνη; συνηλλάγη Dio 37.2.5-7; Florus 1.40.28  
186.2   Iberians and Albanians Rome Treaty X Appian Mith.103  
186.3 61 East Rome Treaty X Appian Mith.117; Pluto Pomp.45.4  
187.1 63 Antioch Mithradates X X Eutr. 6.14.2 add 2
187.2   Asia Minor Mithradates X X Appian Mith.103, 113  
188 63 Pompey Catilinarians Extralegal διαλύσεων Plut. Cic.18.1 add 1
189.1 61 Aedui Sequani & Germans Treaty dicio; imperium; servitus; pax Caesar B.G.1.31.7-15; 35.3; 36.5; 37.2; 43.9; 44.2; 6.12.4, 6; 7.54.3  
189.2   Aedui & Sequani Germans X X Dio 38.34.2, 5  
190 58 Sequani/Helvetii Helvetii/Sequani Exchange X Caesar B.G.1.9.4; 19.1 add 1
191.1 58 Helvetii Rome Treaty pax; συνέβησαν Caesar B.G.1.14.6-7  
191.2         σπονδαί Appian Gall.15  
192 58 Helvetii Rome Treaty deditio Caesar B.G.1.27.3; 28.2  
193 57 Belgae Belgae Exchange coniurare Caesar B.G.2.1.1  
194 57 Remi Rome Treaty fides et potestas Caesar B.G.2.3.3; 5.1  
195 57 Suessiones Rome Treaty deditio Caesar B.G.2.13.1  
196 57 Bellouaci Rome Treaty pax; fides Caesar B.G.2.15.1-2  
197 57 Transrhene Tribes Rome Treaty X Caesar B.G.2.35.1  
198 57 Ubii Rome Treaty amicitia; deditio; fides Caesar B.G.4.16.5; 6.9.6-7  
199 57/6 Nantuates, Seduni, & Veragri Rome Treaty pax; deditio Caesar B.G.3.1.4; 2.5; 3.1  
200.1 56 Veneti et al. Rome Treaty deditio Caesar B.G.3.8.2, 5; 10.2  
200.2         deditarum gentium Dio 39.40.1; Oros. 6.8  
201 56 Aquitani Aquitani Exchange coniurare Caesar B.G.3.23.2 add 1
202 56 Sotiates Rome Treaty deditionis condicio Caesar B.G.3.23.1  
203 56 Aquitani Rome Treaty deditio Caesar B.G.3.27.1  
204 55 Transrhene Tribes Rome Treaty pax; amicitia Caesar B.G.4.18.3  
205 55 Morini Rome Treaty fides Caesar B.G.4.22.2  
206.1 55 Britons Rome Treaty imperium; pax Caesar B.G.4.21.5; 27.1-6; 31.1  
206.2       Treaty X Florus 1.45.17  
206.3 55 Britons Rome Treaty pax Caesar 4.36.2; 38.4  
206.4         σπείσαθαι; συναλλαγή Dio 39.52.1-3; 40.1.2  
206 or 207 or 210 or 211 55/54 Britons Rome Treaty X Strabo 4.5.3C200 add 3
          X Suet. Julius25.2; Eutr. 6.17.3  
207 54 Pirustae Rome X X Caesar B.G.5.1.8 add 1
208 54 Traveri Rome X X Caesar B.G.5.4.1-2  
209 54 Gaul Rome Extralegal   Caesar B.G.5.5.4  
210.1 54 Trinobantes Rome Treaty deditio Caesar B.G.5.20.3-4  
210.2         dediderunt; foedus Oros. 6.9.8-9  
211.1 54 Cassivellaunus Rome Treaty deditio Caesar B.G.5.22.4; 23.1 add 1
211.2         πολέμῳ τέλος ἐπέθηκεν Plut. Caesar23.3  
211.3         κατελύσατο Dio 40.3.2  
211.4         X Cic. Ep. Ad Att.4.18.5  
212 54 Eburones Aduatuci X X Caesar B.G.5.27.2 add 3
213 54 Gaul Rome X X Caesar B.G.47.2  
214 53 Treveri Germans Treaty X Caesar B.G.6.2.2  
215 53 Nervii Rome Treaty deditio Caesar B.G.6.3.2  
216 53 Senones Rome Treaty X Caesar B.G.6.4.4  
217 53 Carnutes Rome Treaty X Caesar B.G.6.4.5  
218 53 Menapii Rome Treaty pax Caesar B.G.6.6.3  
219 53 Ubii Rome Treaty deditio; fides Caesar B.G.6.9.6-7; cf. 4.16.5  
220 52 Gaul Gaul Exchange fides; sanciatur Caesar B.G.7.2.2  
221 52 Gaul Vercingetorix X potestas; imperium Caesar B.G.7.4.7; 7.2; 7.64.1  
222 52 Vellaundodunum Rome Treaty deditio Caesar B.G.7.11.2  
223 52 Noviodunum Rome Treaty X Caesar B.G.7.12.3-4  
224.1 52 Gaul Rome X X Caesar B.G.7.55.2, 6; 7.63.3  
224.2         X Dio 40.38.2  
225 52 Arverni Rome Treaty X Caesar B.G.7.90.2 add 1
226.1 51 Gaul Rome Treaty amicitia; fides Caesar B.G.8.3.5; 27.1; 38.2; 46.2  
226.2         sponsio; servitus Oros. 6.12.4  
227 51 Bellovaci Rome Treaty X Caesar B.G.8.20.2; 23.1-2 add 1
228 51 Carnutes Rome Treaty deditio Caesar B.G.8.31.4  
229 51 Commius Rome Treaty X Caesar B.G.8.48.8-9  
230 51 Tebarani Rome X X Cic. Ep. ad Fam.15.4.10  
231 49 Spain Pompeian faction Extralegal X Caesar B.C.1.74.5  
232 49 Afranius & Petreius Caesar Private X Caesar B.C.1.84.2  
233 49 Apollonia Staberius X X Caesar B.C.3.12.1-2  
234 by 47 Phanagoreans Pharnaces Treaty φιλία Appian Mith.120  
235 46 Africa Pompeians X servitus Bellum Africum 26.5  
236 45 Illyrians Rome Treaty X Appian Ill . 13  
237.1 44 Antony & Lepidus Caesar’s Assassins Private X Livy per.116  
237.2         συνέβησαν Dio 44.34.6  
237.3         X Appian B.C.2.142  
237.4   Antony Caesar’s Assassins Private pax Cic. Phil.1.1.2; 1.13.31; 2.36.90  
237.5         pax; fidem Vell. Pat. 2.58.3  
237.6         X Appian B.C.3.15  
237.7         X Plut. Brutus19.2; Ant.14.1  
238 20-May-43 Lepidus Plancus Private fides; societas Cic. Ep. ad Fam.10.17.3 add 6
239 43 Octavian Republicans Extralegal X Appian B.C.3.91  
240 43 Malichus ? Roman Syria ? Treaty ἀποστήσας Joseph. J.A.14.290  
241 38 Antiochus of Commagene Rome Treaty συνθῆκαι Dio 49.22.2  
242 35 Rome Sextus Pompey Extralegal X Appian B.C.5.137  
243 35 Siscia Rome Treaty ὡμολόγησαν Dio 49.37.2, 6  
244 35 Metulum Rome Treaty X Appian Ill.21  
245 35-34 Segesta Rome Treaty X Appian Ill.22-24  
246 33 Dalmatians Rome Treaty X Appian Ill.28  
247 33 Derbani Rome Treaty X Appian Ill. 28  
248 33 Illyrians Rome Treaty συνθῆκαι; συνέθεντο Appian Ill. 28  
249 30 East Antony X X Dio 51.16.1-2  
250 30 or 27/6 Phraates IV Rome Extralegal X Dio 51.18.3; 53.33.1-2 Justin 42.5.6-11;Mon. Anc.32  
251 25 Cantabrians Rome Treaty X Florus 2.33.51-52  
252.1 16 Sugambri, Usipetes, & Tencteri Rome Treaty σπονδαί Dio 54.20.6  
252.2 A.D. 9 Sugambri     X Strabo 7.1.4C291  
253.1 9-Oct Phraates IV Rome X** obsides (at wrong year) Vell. Pat. 2.94.4 add 1
253.2         φιλία; ἐξομηρευσάμενος Strabo 6.42C288; 16.1.28C749  
253.3         foedus; obsides Oros. 6.21.27  
253.4         obsides Svet. Aug.21.3; 43.4  
253.5         obsides Eutr. 7.9  
253.6         X Dio 55.10.20; 10a.4  
253.7         amicitia per pignora Mon. Anc. 32  
253.8         ὁμηρεία; εἰρήνη· Joseph. J.A.18.39-52  
254 A.D. 8 Breucians Bato X X Dio 55.34.4-6 add 7
255.1 Between 43 B.C. & A.D. 14 Some Barbarians Rome Treaty pax; fides Suet. Aug.21.2  
255.2 Of Uncertain Years:            
256 X Thessalians Phocians X X Aesch. Emb.140 add 1
257 X Epidaurus Rome X X Front. Strat.2.11.1