II.1 Introduction §1. Homer and Pindar [1] represent the earliest and most important poetic genres of Archaic and Classical Greece: epic and lyric. Similar to drama, epic and lyric performance was social, interactive, and often ritual. There was a rhythm to Homeric epic and a melody to Pindaric song that is lost to us, which can at best be approximated with the aid of meter. Read more
II.2 Discourse acts: The domain of particle analysis §1. The present chapter builds on the discussion of discourse segmentation set out in IV.3, so to facilitate understanding I briefly summarize the ideas set out there, where the reader may find a fuller discussion and references. In ancient philosophy and rhetoric, language was described in terms of períodoi, kôla, and kómmata. All three terms are hard to define, and our understanding… Read more
II.3 Moves: Particles at discourse transitions §1. The present chapter builds directly on chapter II.2 and presupposes knowledge of its main points; our understanding of discourse acts is summarized in II.2.1.2. Greek particles reflect the production of discourse in cognitively manageable units – discourse acts – which are the building blocks of epic and lyric compositions. The analysis in II.2 reveals how a performer or author produces his work in… Read more
II.4 Discourse Memory: The negotiation of shared knowledge §1. In the present chapter I discuss language that refers to the level of interaction not overtly, but through indirect means. This language is not self-referential, but rather marks the relation of the performer to the content in a manner that reveals his expectations about the knowledge of the audience. We are concerned here with the dimension of shared experience, shared knowledge,… Read more
II.5 Particles and Anaphoric Reference: A discourse perspective on particles with third-person pronouns §1. In ancient Greek, pronouns and particles have a special relationship: the two are often found together and intrinsically connected. They are not only frequently adjacent, but they work together to guide the discourse, and may even form a single unit. II.2 demonstrates how the Homeric and Pindaric performers produce their discourse piecemeal, each piece adding a… Read more
I.3 Approaches to particles and discourse markers Annemieke Drummen 3.1 Introduction §1. I.2 offers an overview of the scholarship on Greek particles up to the beginning of the Renaissance. The first authors in this period who paid considerable attention to the description of Greek words were Budaeus (Budé) in his Commentarii Linguae Graecae from 1529, and Stephanus (Estienne) in his 1572 Thesaurus Linguae Graecae. Devarius, a Greek scholar working in… Read more
I.4 General conclusions §1. Ιn this chapter we outline the value of our work for the study of Greek particles on the one hand, and archaic and classical Greek literature on the other. By “conclusions” we do not mean that we will be summarizing the outcomes of our various analyses on particles, particle combinations, and discourse phenomena. For these discussions we direct your attention to the ad hoc conclusions found… Read more
I.5 Particle frequencies in Homer, Pindar, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, Herodotus, and Thucydides We started our investigation by looking at the following frequencies. They concern the “core” items of a list inherited by previous scholarship, and the frequencies relate to the authors of our corpus. All numbers are as given by the TLG. All frequencies are in percentages of all words. All texts include fragments, if these are available in… Read more
Bibliography [Jump to letter: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z] (Anonymous). 1824. Lexicon Thucydidaeum: A Dictionary in Greek and English, of the Words, Phrases, and Principal Idioms, Contained in the History of the Peloponnesian War of Thucydides. London. https://archive.org/stream/lexiconthucydida00lond#page/174/mode/2up. Abbott, T. K. 1890. “On δή after Relatives in… Read more
Chapter 2. Text and Translation 1. Introduction For more than a century, Jacoby’s has been the authoritative text of the Parian Marble, first through his 1904 Habilitation thesis, later through the collection of historical fragments (FGrH 239), hereafter referred to as Jacoby’s edition. His work was timely, indeed. By 1904, section B of the inscription, just discovered (1897), had already been edited by Krispi and commented… Read more
